I am using secondary research because it saves time. I will not have :: Business Management Studies

I am using secondary research because it saves time. I will not have to collect the data first hand, which will allow me time to evaluate the information found. I will research using the Internet, reports on Cadbury and magazine articles. Secondary research Secondary research is information that has previously been gathered from other sources. It is usually carried out by a third party company. The data is then analysed and made available for other companies. When using secondary data, care must be taken in ensuring the information is correct. The data analysis and presentation may be affected by the way the data has been collected. Secondary research methods include the Internet, textbooks, magazines, newspapers and reports. I am using secondary research because it saves time. I will not have to collect the data first hand, which will allow me time to evaluate the information found. I will research using the Internet, reports on Cadbury and magazine articles. I found the following information from Cadbury confectionary market review (2003) In 2003, Cadbury increased its share of the market to more than 29% in contrast to Nestle and Mars who have seen their share decline to 21% and 20%. The UK confectionary market continued to show growth in 1999, driving sales of 5.5 billion. Chocolate sales account for around 70% of the confectionary market, at 3.5 billion, while the remaining 30% is made up of sweets, worth more than 1.75 billion. These graphs show me the age and sex of the consumers of confectionary products. This tells me about the area of the market my product is aimed at. It tells me that more children eat the products than buy it. It also shows that 35.7% of 0-16 year olds eat confectionary products, which tells me there is a want for chocolate from my target audience. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The UK market for confectionary Chocolate Sugar Total by sector by value at current confectionary confectionary prices 1997 3630 1530 5160 1998 3690 1720 5410

The Causes and Effects of Alcoholism

Term Paper 12/7/11 Biology 205 The Causes and Effects of Alcoholism In the United States there are approximately 79,000 deaths annually attributed to excessive alcohol use (NASAIC, 2011). Alcoholism is defined as a medical disease or a neurological disorder. Alcoholism is essentially when a person continues to drink, even when health, work, or family are being harmed (NCBI et al, 2011). Alcohol is not an issue when enjoyed in moderation and responsibly, this however is not always the case. 18. 3 million people in the U. S. are â€Å"heavy drinkers†; among these are 12. million people who have one or more symptoms of alcoholism (NCBI et al, 2011). Some of the many symptoms of alcoholism are hostility when asked about drinking, inability to stop or reduce alcohol intake, or making excuses to drink. The number of problem drinking in the U. S. has increased 8. 2 percent since 1980 and with the growing acceptance of alcohol this number is at risk of rising in the near future (NCBI et al, 2011). Problem drinking can be defined in two categories, alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse is when a person â€Å"binge† drinks as way to escape from personal problems.Alcohol dependence is when a person has an addiction to alcohol and cannot control how much they drink. The person simply cannot just have one drink of alcohol without feeling the need to become intoxicated. The highest prevalence of alcohol dependence and abuse is among ages 18-24. Over 80 percent of college presidents in the U. S. identify alcohol abuse as the biggest problem on campus (nd. edu et al, 2003). College students are in the ideal environment to develop a drinking disorder. Students are away from their families and are caring for themselves for often the first time in their lives.Muscular System: Muscle MetabolismWith the increase in responsibility in their lives students can find themselves stressed and confused. These factors only lead to students drinking amongst other students in efforts to fit in or as an escape from their studies or other social problems. However, drinking too much and regularly only leads to even more social and physical problems in the future and possibly for the rest of their lives. Alcoholism is something that should not just be seen as a socially devastating disease. The life of a person with alcoholism is controlled by their alcohol addiction.The many short term effects of alcohol are minor compared to the long term health concerns from excessively abusing alcohol. Public health organizations are utilizing new methods of prevention and research to combat the further rise in this disease. Demographics Though there are risk factors for developing alcoholism there is no definite cause of the disease. A history of alcoholism in a person’s family definitely increases their risks of developing the disorder. This theory has been validated throughout the years utilizing twins in adoption cases growing up in different famil ies.Current research concludes that certain genes may increase the risk of alcoholism, but the identity and function of which genes are still unknown (NCBI et al, 2011). Ethnic and religious background can also play a role in the development of alcoholism, in relation to the culture's lifestyles and acceptance of alcohol. Cultural, religious values and expectations towards alcohol vary and can either promote or disapprove drinking. Members of different ethnic and cultural groups generally show preferences for different types of alcoholic beverages, which can affect their access and alcohol exposure.Other factors such as a race’s reaction to alcohol can affect the prevalence of drinking. For example, blacks are 3 times more likely to develop an alcohol related disease than white (NIAA et al, 2005). The SAMHSA National Household Survey on Drug Abuse reported that 3. 5% of people in their entire sample could be classified as alcohol dependent. Caucasian and black surveyors had a similar rate of 3. 4 percent of alcohol dependence (NIAA et al, 2005). Alcoholism rates for Native American and Hispanic-Mexican Americans are higher compared to other ethnicities at 5. percent (NIAA et al, 2005). It was found that these groups tend to start drinking at an earlier age and drank more heavily compared to other ethnic groups in the United States. The rates of alcohol dependence were lower among other groups, Caribbean, 1. 9%, Central American, 2. 8%, Cuban, 0. 9%, Puerto Rican, 3. 0% and South American, 2. 1% and Asian/Pacific Islander, 1. 8% (NIAA et al, 2005). The survey also reported that Asian Americans had higher rates of abstention and lower rates of heavy alcohol consumption compared to Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics.Diversity in drinking patterns is very distinguished between subgroups of the same racial or ethnic group. Mexican Americans born in the U. S. report drinking more often, but consuming less alcohol, and have three times higher rates of al cohol dependence (NIAA et al, 2005). This emphasizes that the lifestyle and genetics of a person play a greater role in alcoholism then race or culture. This is also relevant when looking at gender discrepancies. Women and men have the same chances of becoming alcoholics.However, women have a much stronger reaction to the effects of alcohol; therefore there are many more cases of alcoholism in men though there is no research to support gender susceptibility (NIAA et al, 2005). Women’s stronger reaction to alcohol also means that women are more susceptible to alcohol related illnesses after fewer years of heavy drinking. While research has provided many factors that increase the risk of alcoholism the highest risk factor for developing a drinking problem is a person’s lifestyle. This is why college students with their young, eager, and immature demographic are ideal for the development of alcoholism.Effects of Alcoholism on the Brain Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant and unlike other drugs alcohol does not activate a specific receptor in the brain. This attributes to the wide range of side effects of intoxication. Some of the side effects from drinking heavily include slurred speech, loss of inhibitions, slowed reaction times, loss of balance and memory loss. Cleary alcohol affects the brain negatively when causing these reactions. A definite sign that someone had consumed far too much alcohol is a â€Å"black out†. This is when a person has no recollection of events while they were intoxicated.A survey of 772 college undergraduates found that 51 percent of the students reported to having a blackout multiple times in their lives’ (nd. edu et al, 2003). What they do not recall is the altered state that their brains were in at the time. An estimated one-third to one-half of all unintentional and intentional injured Americans in accidents, crimes, and suicides were intoxicated (BSCS et al, 2003). Alcohol’s affect on the outer layer of the frontal cortex region of the brain interferes with the conscious thought process (BSCS et al, 2003).This contributes to the loss of inhibitions and sometimes careless behavior when someone is intoxicated. However, research has shown that these short term effects of alcohol abuse can be immensely more severe than just a hangover. People who drink heavily and regularly greatly increase their risk of developing changes in the brain. Up to 80 percent of alcoholics have thiamine deficiency (BSCS et al, 2003). This is a common occurrence in alcoholics and results from poor overall nutrition. This can eventually develop into serious brain disorders such as Wernicke or Korsakoff syndrome.Korsakoff’s psychosis is a chronic and debilitating syndrome, resulting in persistent learning and memory problems (BSCS et al, 2003). There are also cases where people have had difficulty walking and with hand eye coordination. People with Wernicke’s encephalopathy have mental confusion, paralysis of the nerves that move the eyes and difficulty with muscle coordination (BSCS et al, 2003). Drinking during pregnancy can lead to a range of physical, learning, and behavioral effects in the developing brain of the fetus (BSCS et al, 2003). This is known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).FAS infant’s brains may have less volume and fewer brain cells as well as being smaller than average. Therefore, drinking during pregnancy ensures the child a high risk of developing serious health problems early on in their lives. Effects of Alcoholism on the Body The dangers of alcohol are commonly associated with the altered states of mind people can find themselves in; while the negative physical reactions to alcohol can be much more severe. Alcohol offers very little nutritional value and is high calories. The body treats alcohol as fat, converting alcohol sugars into fatty acids (BSCS et al, 2003).This results in a lack of energy and endurance. When alcohol i s consumed 20% is absorbed by the stomach and 80% by the small intestine. When alcohol enters the blood stream it can affect nearly every tissue in the body. This is because cell membranes are highly permeable to alcohol (BSCS et al, 2003). This absorption can be affected by the amount of food or liquid in a person’s stomach. Other factors such as how quickly the alcohol is consumed or how much a person weighs also affect absorption which leads to intoxication. Women absorb alcohol faster due to their metabolism.The absorption of alcohol is referred to as the BAC, blood alcohol content. (Graph pg. 10) When our society thinks of alcohol related deaths alcohol poisoning is first to come to mind. Not only can a person die from drinking too much alcohol at one sitting but research has shown that consuming alcohol can result in vast amount of different alcohol related disease. One study determined that 3. 6% of all cancer cases worldwide are related to alcohol drinking, resulting in 3. 5% of all cancer death (NASAIC, 2011). Research has also concluded that drinking alcohol heavily can damage brain tissue, heart, liver and reproductive organs.Problem drinking can also cause pancreatitis, nutritional deficiencies, malignancies, and cirrhosis (NASAIC, 2011). The liver is the most vulnerable organ to alcohol abuse because it breaks down the alcohol into harmless by products and years of this can destroy the liver. Therefore, the negative effects on the body substantially outweigh the possible positive social aspects from drinking. Factors causing the problem In our society drinking alcohol has become widely accepted and is associated with a celebratory or ceremonial atmosphere.This is a key component in the current increase in alcoholism. With the current acceptance, stigmas and speculations about alcohol in our country people are unaware of the severity of the drug. The increase in alcoholism is due to the fact that a majority of people in our nation drinks alc ohol rather than profane. The public receives their information about alcohol through family, peers, media, and personal experimentation. The information people and especially college students or children living in homes with alcoholism are receiving often glamorizes alcohol.Therefore, the public knows very little about effects of alcohol and the consequential harm they can inflict on themselves and others. Other factors such as the quantity and frequency a person tends to drink plays a role in the chances of developing a drinking disorder. People with addictive personalities, depression and other social disorders are also at a very high risk of becoming alcoholics (NASAIC, 2011). These people with stressful lifestyles, depression or anxiety problems often use alcohol as a release. Drinking â€Å"numbs† their pain and is an escape from their social issues.A striking 20% of all suicide victims in the United States had a form of alcoholism prior to their suicide attempt (NCBI e t al, 2011). Adolescents that live in a culture where alcohol use is common are often pressured by their peers to partake. All of these risk factors are directly correlated to scenarios most college students find themselves in. In result, this age group is at the greatest risk of developing a drinking disorder. College students are at an impressionable age and are looking to meet and befriend new people. They are peer pressured into going out with their riends to restaurants, bars and clubs. With easy access to alcohol they are often drinking more frequently than any other time in their lives. Research has shown that immaturity of neurotransmitter system and hormonal changes during puberty lead to more pleasure in drinking alcohol (NASAIC, 2011). This means that developing brains introduced to alcohol may trigger long term biological changes developing into an alcohol addiction. The overall public neglect and unawareness of the severity of alcoholism only leads to increasing rates o f alcoholism in our society.Providing the public with a better understanding of the ease in developing this disorder is an immediate necessity in our nation. Public Health Response In most cases a person suffering due to alcoholism does not accept that they have a problem. This makes it very difficult or sometimes impossible to cure. The support from loved ones and friends is essential to help find the person a form of treatment that suits them. Alcoholism is treated with counseling and support groups like any social disorder. There is very large number of national and local help services for people looking for help dealing with their addictions.Impatient treatment centers are closed communities where patients are able to live focused on controlling their addiction. Alcoholism is common to most drug addictions, whereas after being dependent on the drug sobriety triggers withdrawal symptoms and often results in relapses. In these cases having the close support of an impatient rehab c enter is the most effective. Tragically most alcoholics do not have the chance of obtaining impatient sobriety because of lack of money. Outpatient programs are less expensive and are an effective method of treating an addiction.SMART, LifeRing, and  Alcoholics Anonymous are all support groups that attempt to resolve the behavioral effects that led the person to become an alcoholic (NCBI et al, 2011). Participants meet in groups or class a number of times a week and share their own personal alcoholism experiences. As a whole group working towards a sober lifestyle the patients have the counselor or the other participant to turn to when they need help dealing with a possible relapse. In most cases a person will never completely resolve their alcohol addiction.Refraining from drinking entirely after achieving sobriety is recommended to limit the chances of relapsing. Alcoholics struggling with staying sober can be prescribed medications. Acamprosate and Naltrexone are some drugs tha t have been shown to lower relapse rates in those who are alcohol dependent by reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms (NASAIC, 2011). Prevention methods are currently being utilized to give people a better understanding of the risks and affects of alcohol. Programs such as D. A. R. E and other anti drug and alcohol programs are used to build awareness.Colleges have recognized the vulnerability of college students and have increased student awareness substantially over the past years. Online alcohol education programs are now mandatory for college freshmen to complete prior to admission to most universities. Though these classes are sometimes tedious and time consuming there is no doubt that they give adolescents a better awareness of alcoholisms social and physical effects. Other forms of prevention include warnings on alcoholic packaging and labels. These inform drinkers the percentage of alcohol in the drink and pregnancy warnings are always evident (NASAIC, 2011).Health organi zations are working together to help find out more on the treatment and prevention of alcoholism to combat the prevalence of the disease in the future. Conclusion Alcoholism is not a disorder that only affects the one suffering from the disease. An addiction to alcohol controls the life of the patient, as well as their families. 56 million of Americans say that alcohol abuse has brought trouble to his or her family (NCBI et al, 2011). Getting a person to recognize the harm they are causing to themselves and others from their drinking is the first step of resolving the problem.The immense amount of organizations and support groups in America today provides people the best possible treatment. Studies continue to discover new illnesses that are in result of alcohol abuse. There is still no definite cause of the disease yet the factors attributing to developing alcoholism are definite. With a better understanding of the disease and a raised public awareness alcoholism is something that can be preventable for future generation. The chances of developing an alcohol addiction are higher than ever; which only leads to a new age of alcohol related diseases if the neglect of the negative effects of alcohol continues.Blood Alcohol Concentration| Changes in Feelings and Personality| Brain Regions Affected| Impaired Activities (continuum)| 0. 01–0. 05| Relaxation Sense of well being Loss of inhibition| Cerebral cortex| Alertness ,Judgment, CoordinationVisual tracking, Reasoning and depth perceptionInappropriate, obnoxious social behavior Slurred speech, Lack of balanceLoss of temperature regulation, Loss of bladder controlDifficulty breathing, Slowed heart rate| 0. 06–0. 10| Pleasure Numbness of feelings Nausea, Sleepiness Emotional arousal| Cerebral cortex + forebrain| | 0. 11–0. 0| Mood swings, Anger Sadness, Mania| Cerebral cortex + forebrain + cerebellum| | 0. 21–0. 30| Aggression Reduced sensations Depression Stupor| Cerebral cortex + foreb rain + cerebellum + brain stem| | 0. 31–0. 40| Unconsciousness Death possible Coma| Entire brain| | 0. 41 and greater| Death| | | Advisory committee and NIAAA scientists (bscs. org, 2003)| (Effects of Alcoholism on the Brain continued) Effects of Blood Alcohol Concentration The graph depicts the average person’s emotional and physical altering when consuming a certain amount of alcohol. For most people an hour after the rinking one 12oz beer will result in a BAC of . 02. The amount of alcohol attributes to very different and detrimental side effects the more it is consumed (BSCS et al, 2003). Bibliography 1) U. S. National Library of Medicine and A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia staff, Alcoholism and Alcohol abuse and dependence; ncbi. nlm. nih. gov, March 20, 2011. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001940/ 2) National Institutes of Health, Alcohol abuse and Alcoholism staff, Information about Alcohol;  bscs. org, 2003. http://science-education. nih. g ov/supplements/nih3/alcohol/guide/info-alcohol. tm 3) University of Notre Dame, Office of alcohol and drug education, Your Body and Alcohol; nd. edu, 2003. http://oade. nd. edu/educate-yourself-alcohol/your-body-and-alcohol/ 4) National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism staff, Model 10h Ethnicity, Culture and Alcohol; NIAA. gov, March 2005. http://pubs. niaaa. nih. gov/publications/Social/Module10HEthnicity;Culture/Module10H. html 5) National Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Information Center staff, Alcoholism; addictioncareoptions. com, 2011. http://www. addictioncareoptions. com/alcohol-help/alcoholism

Health Care Reform And The Underinsured - 1747 Words

Health Care Reform and the Underinsured Health Care reform is a major topic of discussion in today’s society, especially with the relatively novel release of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) by the Obama administration. Historically, the health care system has disproportionally favored those of higher class and income, resulting in diminished health care for those that could not afford it. The Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) 2002 report, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, states that a lack of insurance substantially contributes to the proliferation of healthcare disparities. Furthermore, racial and ethnic minorities are most subject to these healthcare disparities because they are significantly more likely to be uninsured. (1) The history of health care reform in the United States, as it pertains to under-insured urban populations, will be discussed, with a specific emphasis on its impact on African-America ns; in addition, the modern resolutions to healthcare disparities will be assessed. The 17th century was one of discovery. It was when British settlers first arrived to North America and established the first North American colony. The US was non-existent and it would take over a century for colonists to gain independence from Britain. Tracing it back to its roots, America was founded by and populated by immigrants; however, nearly 300 years after the first settlers arrived, there is still a grossShow MoreRelatedThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesProblem: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) leaves coverage gaps for millions of Americans. 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Uninsured are individuals not coveredRead MoreHealth Care in America790 Words   |  4 Pages Running head: Health Care in America Health Care in America: Impacts on the Uninsured and Underinsured Health Care in America Health care in America is a serious issue as it involves families that are unable to receive accessible, affordable and quality medical treatment. Middle class or impoverished families are unable to receive the benefits of health care due to low income levels and a volatile economy. Politicians discuss the reformation of the health care system, but people whoRead MoreHealthcare Reform And The Affordable Care Act1047 Words   |  5 PagesHealthcare reform was designed to help people of middle class to below poverty status afford healthcare insurance, in addition to providing quality care for everyone. When the â€Å"Affordable Care Act† rolled out, there were a lot of concerns in regards to the cost and mandating that everyone acquire insurance. 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This ongoing highly debatable issue remains a hot topic among US citizens from all walks of life, from the very poor to the very wealthy. Health Care Reform affects everyone. The vast majority of the US population is very dissatisfied with the current state of health care

The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass By...

What is freedom? To some people, freedom meant one allowed to enjoy one’s basic human rights that not be controlled by another person or institution and own some form of property. In the striving the restriction of African-American human rights, freedom also meant being treated as a human being equally. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Fredrick Douglass, Douglass described his life experience of suffering as a slave reflected the crucial conditions of slaves in the South slavery of Eighteenth Century. By drawing from his own experience, observation, and knowledge of being slavery in his narrative, he not only exposing the brutal nature of slavery, but also showing readers self-consciousness and efforts and struggle for freedom of a black slaves. Douglass s early unhappiness childhood reflected an indictment of slavery, which exposed the physical and mental torture brought by the institution of slavery. Douglass introduced himself was born in Talbot, Maryla nd, has a white father and slave mother. Just as other slaves in the south, he did not know his birthday and age. Also, because whites took away his mother when he was a child, he can not enjoy the maternal love and family happiness as white children do. His childhood has been protected and raised by his grandmother, not directly experienced the everyday violence of adult slaves. This shaped he was able to go beyond other slaves understand the different between a real people and slave. DouglassShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass1693 Words   |  7 Pagesin the city. Frederick Douglass the author of Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass was born and raised on the plantation as a slave. From his early years Douglass experienced life as a slave on a plantation. He was soon relocated to Maryland at the age of seven to the slave owner’s brother Mr. Auld. Douglass is moved back and forth from the plantation to the city. The areas of food, treatment and punishment, and clothing were contrasting between plantation and city. His narrative reveals theRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass967 Words   |  4 Pagesslaves in the United States many slaves like Fredrick Douglass had to escape to fight for freedom to become abolitionists. To expose the terror and cruelties that he faced from his owners and overseers as a slave as narrated in â€Å"Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass.† Being a slave was difficult from the beginning. In the case of Fredrick Douglass he was a product of unwanted love. Born into slavery with no record or â€Å"accurate knowledge of age.†(Douglass) He was the son of Harriet Bailey, who wasRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass1281 Words   |  6 PagesFredrick Douglass Outcomes of Sentimentalism In the â€Å"Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, written in the month of August 1841, demonstrates the double purpose of the work as both a personal account and a public argument. Douglass introduces the reader to his own circumstances such as grief, sorrow and emptiness in his birthplace and the fact that he does not know his own age. He then generalizes from his own experience, by explaining that almost no slavesRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass s The Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass 983 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States many slaves like Fredrick Douglass had to escape to fight for freedom. To become abolitionists. To expose the terror and cruelties that he faced from his owners and overseers as a slave wrote in the â€Å"Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass.† ​Being a slave was difficult from the beginning. In the case of Fredrick Douglass he was a product of unwanted love. He was born into slavery with no record or â€Å"accurate knowledge of age.†(Douglass) He was the son of Harriet Bailey, whoRead MoreFrederick Douglass Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave2160 Words   |  9 PagesJonathan Stang Waddell AP Language 26 July 2014 Fredrick Douglass-Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave Preface, page 4 â€Å"As soon as he had taken his seat, filled with hope and admiration, I rose, and declared that Patrick Henry, of revolutionary fame, never made a speech more eloquent in the cause of liberty, than the one we had just listened to from the lips of that hunted fugitive.† Response In this passage, Garrison attempts to express the sheerRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave1434 Words   |  6 PagesAs the most famous abolitionist African American leader, Fredrick Douglass is a political, historical, and literary figure whose words still reverberate the true meaning of freedom and political, economic, and social equality for all. Born a slave, Douglass was able to recount his story to a pre-Civil War American public, which had a tremendous effect on the views whites had about slavery and its role in American society. Douglass became a self-educated man as he grew up within the entanglementsRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1552 Words   |  7 Pages04/23/2015 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Theme: False versus True Christianity In this theme, Fredrick Douglass contrasts the both forms of Christianity to show the underlying hypocrisy in slavery. The results show that slavery is not religious as it exposes the evils in human bondage. These ideals however can be distorted so as to fit in the society. Two forms of Christianity are presented in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and eachRead MoreBiography of Fredrick Douglass1294 Words   |  5 Pagesinventors, but what about the people that are in between – the people that fought for equality. Fredrick Douglass arguably had the greatest impact on American society, especially African American society, in the nineteenth century. Douglass is credited as being an abolitionist, author, editor, and diplomat. He used literature, books, newspapers, and even speeches, to leave a long lasting mark on our society. Douglass advised presidents and lectured to thousands about different causes, including women’s rightsRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1093 Words   |  5 Pagespossible difference.† -Frederick Douglass. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, by Frederick Douglass, shares the story of the struggles of an American slave du ring the eighteenth-century. Fredrick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1818. While being raised by his grandmother, Betsey Bailey, he snuck around at night to meet his mother nearby, assuming that his slaveholder, Captain Anthony, was his father. From adolescence, Douglass knew he was differentRead MoreAnalysis Of Fredrick Douglass s If There Is No Struggle 1395 Words   |  6 PagesGrant Todd Mr. Sotak English 9 23 May, 2016 Activism within Fredrick Douglass â€Å"If there is no struggle, there is no progression,† is what Fredrick Douglass said during his speech at Canandaigua, New York During an event celebrating West Indian Emancipation Day (blackpast.org). This is saying that struggles and hardships need to happen to get anything accomplished. A lot of people today view Fredrick Douglass as a civil rights activist because the things he has achieved and the way he has positively

Air Quality With Forest Fires - 973 Words

Air Quality with Forest Fires Since 1970, raging forest fires have doubled. Climate Central reports, this is because of climate change which has brought hotter summers and longer fire seasons. Throughout this paper, I will go over how forest fires are contributing to air pollution, ground ozone, the impacts on humans, and the response to the problem. This is a problem that individuals can’t help but there are ways they can keep safe and stay healthy when forest fires arise in their areas. Naturally occurring forest fires are a necessity for certain species like the lodgepole pine tree. Fire helps reduce competition and help the species release its seeds. According to National Geographic, each year there is an average of more than 100,000 forest fires that clear 4 million to 5 million acres of land in the United States. Intense wildfires have been on the rise, increasing to 9 million acres of land due to climate change, drought, and other conditions. These fires can damage forests so badly that it takes years for them to naturally recover. Forest fires are caused when you have the â€Å"fire triangle† which is fuel, oxygen, and a heat source. The more fuel, trees, grasses, and brush, the more intense the fire can become. National Geographic states, the West is the most common place in the United States for forest fires. Heat, drought, and frequent thunderstorms are the perfect environment for a forest fire to start. California experiences some of the worst fires because of theShow MoreRelatedThe Special Activities For Forestry Works Towards Supporting Activities1593 Words   |  7 Pagesactivities that are related to timber, fire prevention, management plan preparation, pest control services, forestry services, and reforestation. The main objective of forestry are to ensure forest are protected. Management can include ecological restoration and maintenance of forests. 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External Environment Analysis of Airlines †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the External Environment Analysis of Airlines. Answer: Introduction: Singapore Airlines Limited (SIA) is an airline transportation company based at Singapore.The airline group officially started its operations in the year 1972. During its initial formation years, SIA focused on consolidating its position as the national carrier of the island city by extending its international route networks. The airline also increased its fleet size by incorporating bigger and better jet aircrafts like Boeing 747, Boeing 777, Airbus A380, etc. The firm has made significant investments in its brand value by stressing on the great cabin service that is provided on the SIA flights. SIA has successfully gained a good reputation for its excellentservicequality that is provided to its airline customers by paying keen attention to their specific needs and adopting a progressive approach to sustain in the changing market (Pearson, PitfieldRyley, 2015). The main focus of this assignment is to understand the various external elements which have a bearing on the performance and profitability of the airline. It has successfully been providing quality services to its customers and it has effectively adapted itself in the prevailing market scenario. SIA has effectively developedits competitive advantagesthat help it to sustain in a productive manner in the airline sector (Alagarasan, et al., 2015). The external factors that have an impact on its profits and performance have been analyzed including political, environmental, social, technological, legal and economic aspects. The various opportunities and threats that the firm faces in the current business environment have been identified and discussed. The below graph highlights the revenue trend of SIA group in last five years. It reveals the airline has continuously given a consistent performance irrespective of the changing market. This indicates that the firm is agile and adapts quickly to the changing and unpredictable market environment. External environment analysis As per Heracleous Wirtz, 2014, airline sector has always been a large and growing industry which has a vital influence on the economy of its nation. It facilitates the growth in the economy, world trade, national and international investments, tourism, etc. Sothe carrier industry plays a central role in the current global scene and many industries are directly or indirectly affected by its performance.In the Asia context,the aviation industryrelating to the commercial flights has dramatically grownin the recent times (Heracleous Wirtz, 2014). Albert Beatty, 2014 said that it is vital to identify and understand all the elements that influence the performance of a concern in its related industry (Albert Beatty, 2014). This section has been designed with the objective to answer the key questions that arise with regard to the various external factors that dominate and influence the Singapore Airlines Limited in the airline industry. The various factors of the firm that play a crucial role have been critically elaboratedso that the strategic choices and decisions of SIAcan be understood and the reason for its sustainable expansion can becomprehended in a simpler manner (Anderson, et al., 2015). PESTEL Analysis Political and Legal The nationalpolitical scenario of Singapore has significant impact on the performance of Singapore Airlines. Since the commercial carrier represents Singapore itself, it receives good support from the government. The lack of government support can affect the overall performance of the airline (Barnes, 2016). The airline receives support relating to safety and security policies, infrastructure related issues, consumer and passenger rights, etc which simplifies this aspect of the external scenario. If the government doesnt involve itself in the policy process, the passengers and overall airline business might be at the receiving end. Since the carbon dioxide emission is highest through air transport various political leaders encourage the public to use road travel mode like buses and cars since it has lower impact on the health aspects of the masses. The changes that occur in the legal framework of the location can have vital impact on the business of SIA. Different government bodies introduce different legal obligations which must be followed by all the firms that operate in the nation. After the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 the legal regulations have become strict in all parts of the world. Major changes have taken place in the methods adopted for passenger screening and checking that is conducted during air travel (Berg, et al., 2015). Economic According to Bhimani, et al., 2013, any major airline company functions across different national economic border. Thus the airlines are subject to a number of national and global economies. One vital economic change that impacts the productivity level of the Singapore airlines is the rise in the fuel cost. The firm adopts a premium pricing strategy so it might lower the burden of the increasing fuel expenses that are incurred by the company (Bhimani, et al., 2013). In order to have a check over the increasing fuel costs SIA has implemented a comprehensive fuel productivity initiative. The above graph shows the average cost implication of the SIA. The major cost is incurred on fuel, so any economic policy relating to the fluctuation in fuel prices has significant impact on SIAs productivity. The fuel cost has been rising upwards since there is uncertainty around global oil production level.SIA has contract with Brent till 2022 and it covers about 33 percent to 39 percent of its estimated fuel annual consumption at the average of 53$ to 59$ a barrel. About 26 percent of SIAs total expenditure incurred last quarter of 2016 was due to jet fuel cost. The graph shows the GDP trend and the sector wise trend in Singapore and reflects that the transportation storage sector contributes to 5.4% to the total economy. Environmental There is high value of environmental friendly services by both government bodies and the customer section. Singapore Airlines takes this aspect into consideration and believes that its air transportation service should be of highest quality since it has a long-term responsibility to help in maintaining the natural environment. The importance to abide by the environmental policies and laws are likely to increase in future due to the national carbon emission reduction objective (Buono, 2015). SIA adopts sustainable practices to make sure that its operations are conducted in a responsible manner. The Airline follows strict rules relating to carbon emission, noise pollution, consumption of resources, etc. Technological Technological innovations play a key role in the aviation industry since the industry involves long haul passenger carrier travel. Mostly airline service providers spend high funds on the research and development aspects to update the use of technology in their operations. The Singapore Airlines spends considerable amount of money to introduce new fleet with latest cabin products so that their sales and customer base can improve (Cao, 2013). It believes in providing high quality experience to its passengers by regularly updating its technological aspects. This environmental aspect provides both opportunities and threat for a firm. SIA has been able to use this factor to its advantage by spending millions on RD to be technologically inclined (Fetherman, 2013). Social The changes that take place in the social front have a strong influence on the performance of any industry and its participants. The changing social trends impacts heavily on the operations of the Singapore airlines. Mostly wealthy people prefer to travel to faraway destinations but this trend has changed since a few decades and now less wealthy people are also spending money to visit to tropical and exotic locations (Fincham, MoheSeidl, 2013). This feature has an impact on the Singapore airline performance in the market. This factor posed a threat o SIAs operations since it believes in premium pricing and it has forced it to enter market that caters to the needs of middle income group consumers. The above graphical representation shows the international visitor arrival trend in Singapore city. There is slight increase in the number of visitors in 1015 as compared to the previous year. This shows that now people from middle-income group are also spending money on travel to exotic places. Porters Five Forces analysis Michael Porters five force analyses is vital since it acts as a tool to study the elements like suppliers, consumers, rivals, new entrants and substitutes which affect the productivity of a firm. This model is adopted to assess the competitive status in the industry and focuses on the pattern of the external elements. It is vital to understand the various factors which need to be checked by SIA in order to continue a positive and strong performance in the industry (Hillier, 2015). This analysis is vital to make necessary changes in the strategic planning of the firm and have a competitive advantage in the industry. Threat of new entrants This aspect analyses the attractiveness of an industry which might encourage new firms to enter and function in the particular industry. In the commercial airline industry, the threat of new entrants is weak (Loucks, et al., 2017). The scope of new players entering the scene is limited since it requires huge investments and there is high congestion of the airports in large regional hubs. Intensity of Industry rivalry The study of the competition from existing airline companies is vital for Singapore Airline. It has vital impact on its customer base and its productivity in the market. There is high intensity of competition in the airline industry. The growth in the existing airline carriers increases the air traffic (Mishra, 2013). The current carrier firms need to focus on the price-cutting mechanism in order to capture a greater portion of the market share. The main competitors of SIA include AirAsia, Cebu Pacific, etc that focus on their low-cost advantage. Since the demand is rising in this industry, the number of flights by airlines is also on rise. Example Around 40 flights connect Singapore and Kuala Lumpur on a daily basis. Stiff competition shows that SIAs customers have fallen by 12percent since 2008. In 2017 Air Serbi has been named as market leader by Air Transport World. It is a direct rival of SIA on global platform based on innovative product, service and strategies. Threat of substitutes This element of the five force model analyses the alternative option that is with the customers and can be used to move from a particular concern and its operation. The threat of substitute in the airline service industry relating to SIAsshort-destination business is relatively moderate (Muhamad, 2013). Passengers can opt for rail services instead of traveling by an airline. In case of long-destination flights, SIA faces threat at a global level from global carriers. Bargaining power of Buyers The bargaining power of buyers refers to the strong position that they acquire as compared to their supplier of goods or services. In the commercial airline industry, the bargaining power of the customers i.e. the buyers is mostly moderate (Suh, et al., 2013). The cost of switching between one airline firms to another is very low and also the prices set and charged by most of the airline service providers is similar.Mostly passengers remain loyal to their particular preferred airline. Bargaining power of Suppliers It highlights the impact of the suppliers service on a firms productivity in the respective industry.Generally in the transportation industry the suppliers have a strong bargaining power (Taylor, 2013). The huge fleet of the Singapore airlines is dependent on a number of suppliers for machinery functioning, maintenance activities, fuel needs, etc. With little number of suppliers in the industry SIA depends largely on its specific set of service providers. The Singapore Airlines has beensuccessfully maintaininga competitive position in the airline industry since its establishment and operation. The issue that the firm faces relates to the implementation of strategy in order to retain its strong hold on the market share. Its regularmodification of the structure of its strategic management model is crucial for continuing its sustainable streak as the best airline of Singapore and around the globe. It needs to conduct regular analysis of the external factors which could have an impact on its internal environment and its overall operations and profit-yielding capacity.(Heracleous Wirtz, 2014). Since the market environment is highly uncertain and unpredictable, a new threat might occur from any side and disrupt the normal operations of the airline firm. So it is vital to understand the changes that take place in the external world and its power to change the operation model of the particular airline firm (Fetherman, 2013). Since it has experienced the changing environment since a number of decades, this is not a new issue for SIA but it is crucial for the firm to remain agile while operating in the industry so that no competitor can take advantage of the situation and threaten its current market leadership position. SIA also needs to regularly update its model keeping in mind the changing technological surrounding prevalent in the industry. The graph above highlights that the fuel productivity of the Singapore Airline had declined as compared to previous year as per 2015-16 data. So the firm needs to focus on measures to increase its fuel efficiency. Conclusion The Singapore airlines must keep on updating its strategic approach by considering all the internal as well as external factors which have an influence on its operations and productivity in the airline industry. It can focus on more strategies to reduce the impact of rising fuel costs by trying to explore fuel suppliers in the industry. Its focus on the consumers and their experience should continue so that its customer base can be expanded further. The airline might also look into methods like reducing its fleet size, disposingold aircraftsat a profitable rate so that its rising costs can be curtailed which is one of its major issues at the moment. In any industry, the role of critical analysis of the external business environment is vital for the effective and sustainable performance of an organization. The airline industry is a vital industry and affects the overall health of the economy. The Singapore Airlines Limited has been the focus point and its external factors have been thoroughly analyzed using the PESTEL Model and Poters Five Force Analysis framework. It helps in understanding the strategic model of the Airline firm which has helped it to be a market leader in the industry for a very long time. Its focus on its high quality of service has helped it to maintain a strong leadership position in the airline industry. Its changing strategic plan plays a crucial role in helping the firm to adapt in the ever-changing business environment. References Alagarasan, V., Huacarpuma, R.C., Lima, S.R. and Dean, W., 2015.API Management Introduction and Principles.Forrester research. Albert, M. and Beatty, B.J., 2014.Flipping the classroom applications to curriculum redesign for an introduction to management course: Impact on grades.Journal of Education for Business,89(8), pp.419-424. Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D. and Cochran, J.J., 2015.An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Barnes, C., 2016. An introduction to the management of paediatric patients with coeliac disease.Gastrointestinal Nursing,14(9), pp.39-45. Berg, D., Mani, H.S., Marinakis, Y.G., Tierney, R. and Walsh, S., 2015.An introduction to Management of Technology pedagogy (andragogy). Bhimani, A., Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Stratton, W.O. and Schatzberg, J., 2013.Introduction to Management Accounting.Pearson Higher Ed. Buono, A.F., 2015. An Introduction to Management Consultancy.Academy of Management Learning Education,14(1), pp.144-147. Cao, M., 2013.Introduction to management and analysis of ion fragmentation data. Fetherman, E.R., 2013.Introduction and management of Myxoboluscerebralis-resistant Rainbow Trout in Colorado(Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University). Fincham, R., Mohe, M. and Seidl, D., 2013. Guest Editors' Introduction: Management Consulting and Uncertainty: Mapping the Territory.International Studies of Management Organization,43(3), pp.3-10. Heracleous, L. and Wirtz, J., 2014. Singapore Airlines: Achieving sustainable advantage through mastering paradox. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 50(2), pp.150-170. Hillier, J., 2015. Fritz J. Roethlisberger Memorial Award Goes to Lets Burn Them All: Reflections on the Learning-Inhibitory Nature of Introduction to Management and Introduction to Organization Behavior Textbooks.Journal of Management Education,39(6), pp.681-683. Loucks, D.P., Van Beek, E., Stedinger, J.R., Dijkman, J.P. and Villars, M.T., 2017.Water resources systems planning and management: an introduction to methods, models and applications. Deltares, UNESCO-IHE, Springer. Mishra, U., 2013. Introduction to management information system.arXiv preprint arXiv:1308.1797. Muhamad, H., 2013. Introduction to management accounting. Pearson, J., Pitfield, D. and Ryley, T., 2015. Intangible resources of competitive advantage: Analysis of 49 Asian airlines across three business models. Journal of Air Transport Management, 47, pp.179-189. Suh, C.J., Kim, H.T., Kim, J.H. and Kwak, Y.W., 2013. Introduction to Management Quality.Seoul: Pakyoungsa. Schmitt, A., Barker, V.L., Raisch, S. and Whetten, D., 2016. Strategic renewal in times of environmental scarcity.Long Range Planning, 49(3), pp.361-376 Singstat.gov.sg. 2017.Welcome to Statistics Singapore. [online] Available at: https://www.singstat.gov.sg [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Taylor, B.W., 2013. Introduction to Management Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.Global Edition. Whyte, R. and Lohmann, G., 2015. The carrier-within-a-carrier strategy: An analysis of Jetstar. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, pp.141-148.

Scarlet Letter free essay sample

On one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rose-bush, covered, in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him. Chapter 1, pg. 46 -This rose-bush represents Pearl afterwards in Hester’s life. The prison reflects on the image of Hester where Pearl gives her all the joy and comfort to Hester to bear the weight of the sin. Quote: On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold-thread, appeared the letter A. It was so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy, that it had all the effect of a last and fitting decoration to the apparel which she wore; and which was of a splendor in accordance with the taste of the age, but greatly beyond what was allowed by the sumptuary regulations of the colony. She made it look so, in order to tell the public that she is a sinner. Even tough she has a sin inside her soul, she is trying to portray it through the fanciness of her bosom and make it bearable to carry it on. Quote: When he found the eyes of Hester Prynne fastened on his own, and saw that she appeared to recognize him, he slowly and calmly raised his finger, made a gesture with it in the air, and laid it on his lips. Chapter 3, pg. 57 -This is the moment of recognition of Hester and her real husband that did not make to Boston with her. Quote: Never! Replied Hester Prynne, looking, not at Mr. Wilson, but into the deep and troubled eyes of the younger clergyman [Dimmesdale]. It is too deeply branded. Ye cannot take it off. And would that I might endure his agony, as well as mine! Chapter 3, pg. 64 Pride is revealed as a characteristic of Hester. Her sin has determined the letter to be worn on her bosom. As a seamstress the letter took a lot of time, patience and skill to make and she wont take it off because that letter has a price. But there is a fatality, a feeling so irresistible and inevitable that it has the force of doom, which almost invariably compels human beings to linger around and haunt, ghostlike, the spot where some great and marked event has given the color to their lifetime; and still the more irresistibly, the darker the tinge that saddens it. Chapter 5, pg. 73 Human life’s are not perfect they always have â€Å"something hard† carrying on themselves, where a color to their life’s makes a difference. Quote: Throughout all, however, there was a trait of passion, a certain depth of hue. The child could not be made amenable to rules. The mothers impassioned state had been the medium through which were transmitted to the unborn infant the rays of its moral life; and, however white and clear originally, they had taken the deep stains of crimson and gold, the fiery lustre, the black shadow, and the untempered light of the intervening substance. Above all, the warfare of Hesters spirit, at that epoch, was perpetuated in Pearl. Chapter 6, pg. 83 Pearl from this description is known to be the wild child. Her mother doesn’t not have full control over the feeling of Pearl. However, only Pearl bring any kind of joy to the Hester, giving her a will to live. Never, since release from prison, had Hester met the public gaze without her. † Chapter 6, pg. 85 Hester shows mental weakness. A cure for such a condition would be taking Pearl anywhere with her using her as a shield as a protection of the people ever hungry eyes. Quote: There was a fire in her [Pearl] and throughout her; she seemed the unpremeditated offshoot of a passionate moment. After putting her finger in her mouth, with many ungracious refusals to answer good Mr. Wilsons questions, the child finally announced that she had not been made at all, but had been plucked by her mother off the bush of wild roses that grew by the prison-door. Chapter 8, pg. 103 Pearl never takes any question serious, however always trying to make fun of people and to protect her mother. This is a key quote for the story. She is being very aggressive to other people for she knows that her mother loves her only and no other. Quote: Speak thou for me! cried she. Thou wast my pastor, and hadst charge of my soul, and knowest me better than these men can. I will not lose the child! Speak for me! Thou knowest, for thou hast sympathies which these men lack! thou knowest what is in my heart, and what are a mothers rights, and how much the stronger they are, when that mother has but her child and the scarlet letter! Look thou to it! I will not lose the child! Look to it! Chapter 8, pg. 104 Hester is desperate for Pearl. If Pearl is taken away from her she will â€Å"die† for she has no will to live. The sin will soon become too heavy without Pearl. As every mother is protective, Hester as a mother too is protective. This is one of nature laws. Quote: Roger Chillingworth the man of skill, the kind and friendly physician strove to go deep into his patients bosom, delving among his principles, prying into his recollections, and probing everything with a cautious touch, like a treasure-seeker in a dark cavern. Few secrets can escape an investigator, who has opportunity and license to undertake such a quest, and skill to follow it up. A man burdened with a secret should especially avoid the intimacy of his physician. Chapter 9, pg. 114 Roger Chillingworth is a mean character. All he is trying to do is to hurt Dimmesdale and make him confess the sin he has in his bosom, like Hester has. He is skilled in doing such a job, where Dimmesdale doesn’t give up that easy and he is not telling Roger Chillingworth anythinh. Quote: Trusting no man as his friend, he could not recognize his enemy when the latter actually appeared. Chapter 10, pg. 120 This tells how Dimmesdale is keeping a safe distance from the drill of Roger Chillingworth’s words. However, he cannot really see that Roger Chillingworth is a friend or not so that is why he is keeping a safe distance from him. As we know Dimmesdale is like a safe, he will never tell him the sin he is keeping inside it. Roger Chillingworth in contrarily is making best efforts to open that safe. Quote: Even in the graveyard here at hand They are new to me. I found them growing on a grave, which bore no tombstone, nor other memorial of the dead man, save these ugly weeds, that have taken upon themselves to keep him in remembrance. They grew out of his heart, and typify, it may be, some hideous secret that was buried with him, and which he had done better to confess during his lifetime. Perchance, said Mr. Dimmesdale, he earnestly desired it, but could not. Chapter 10, pg. 120 These ugly weeds symbolize the evil or bad things that were done by that man. They symbolize some hideous secret that was buried with him, because they grew from his heart. The heart is a secret safer and that is why it is said that a secret was buried. Quote: Come away, mother! Come away, or yonder old Black Man will catch you! He hath got hold of the minister already. Come away, mother, or he will catch you! But he cannot catch little Pearl! Chapter 10, pg. 123 Pearl is knows an â€Å"evil fighter†. Her ultimate goal is to â€Å"kill† the Black Man. Because she is an â€Å"evil fighter† the Black Man could not catch her. Pearl does not really know that the Black Man will catch Hester, but is trying to â€Å"safe† Hester. This also reveals as command to Hester, where Pearl seizes the opportunity to make Hester listen to her. Quote: But, if it be the souls disease, then do I commit myself to the one Physician of the soul! But who are thou, that meddlest in this matter? that dares thrust himself between the sufferer and his God? Chapter 10, pp. 125-6 Dimmesdale is on the right track, he is being suspicious of the Physician now. He is starting to disbelief him and tells him that his is not God to know everything he has and has done wrong. Quote: But with what a wild look of wonder, job, and horror! With what a ghastly rapture. making itself even riotously manifest by the extravagant gesture with which he threw up his arms towards the ceiling, and stamped his foot upon the floor! Had a man seen old Roger Chillingworth, at that moment of his ecstasy, he would have had no need to ask how Satan comports himself when a precious human soul is lost to heaven, and won into his kingdom. Chapter 10, pg. 127 Roger Chillingworth is being described as a creature more evil than the Satan himself. Quote: To the untrue man, the whole universe is false,- it is impalpable,- it shrinks to nothing within his grasp. The only truth that continued to give Mr. Dimmesdale a real existence on this earth was the anguish in his inmost soul Chapter 11, pg. 134 You can imagine the universe as Dimmesdale’s heart, however remember that the universe is infinite large. The secret somewhere in the center of the universe, but we ant find the center because the universe is infinite big and the center cannot be found even though we know there is. Dimmesdale is most challenged with living together with the secret. I believe he should confess soon. Quote: Come up hither, Hester, thou and little Pearl. Ye have both been here before, but I was not with you. Come up hither once again, and we will stand all three together! Chapter 12, pg. 140 He wants to feel sinner too, even though there is no one to witness this situation, he is feeling greatly relieved. He felt it for first time how Hester had been through this years. He also knows that he cannot really imagine how it would feel like if the whole crowd was present. It is the only way to feel the right feeling of how Hester feels like standing on the scaffold. Quote: [M]any people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. They said that it meant Able; so strong was Hester Prynne, with a womans strength. Chapter 13, pg. 148 Because of Hester strong character and dedication, the public feel that she doesn’t feel the sin anymore and that he has overcome the pain of it. They replace the A for Adulterer as â€Å"Able† to cope with the sin.