The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass By...

What is freedom? To some people, freedom meant one allowed to enjoy one’s basic human rights that not be controlled by another person or institution and own some form of property. In the striving the restriction of African-American human rights, freedom also meant being treated as a human being equally. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Fredrick Douglass, Douglass described his life experience of suffering as a slave reflected the crucial conditions of slaves in the South slavery of Eighteenth Century. By drawing from his own experience, observation, and knowledge of being slavery in his narrative, he not only exposing the brutal nature of slavery, but also showing readers self-consciousness and efforts and struggle for freedom of a black slaves. Douglass s early unhappiness childhood reflected an indictment of slavery, which exposed the physical and mental torture brought by the institution of slavery. Douglass introduced himself was born in Talbot, Maryla nd, has a white father and slave mother. Just as other slaves in the south, he did not know his birthday and age. Also, because whites took away his mother when he was a child, he can not enjoy the maternal love and family happiness as white children do. His childhood has been protected and raised by his grandmother, not directly experienced the everyday violence of adult slaves. This shaped he was able to go beyond other slaves understand the different between a real people and slave. DouglassShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass1693 Words   |  7 Pagesin the city. Frederick Douglass the author of Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass was born and raised on the plantation as a slave. From his early years Douglass experienced life as a slave on a plantation. He was soon relocated to Maryland at the age of seven to the slave owner’s brother Mr. Auld. Douglass is moved back and forth from the plantation to the city. The areas of food, treatment and punishment, and clothing were contrasting between plantation and city. His narrative reveals theRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass967 Words   |  4 Pagesslaves in the United States many slaves like Fredrick Douglass had to escape to fight for freedom to become abolitionists. To expose the terror and cruelties that he faced from his owners and overseers as a slave as narrated in â€Å"Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass.† Being a slave was difficult from the beginning. In the case of Fredrick Douglass he was a product of unwanted love. Born into slavery with no record or â€Å"accurate knowledge of age.†(Douglass) He was the son of Harriet Bailey, who wasRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass1281 Words   |  6 PagesFredrick Douglass Outcomes of Sentimentalism In the â€Å"Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, written in the month of August 1841, demonstrates the double purpose of the work as both a personal account and a public argument. Douglass introduces the reader to his own circumstances such as grief, sorrow and emptiness in his birthplace and the fact that he does not know his own age. He then generalizes from his own experience, by explaining that almost no slavesRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass s The Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass 983 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States many slaves like Fredrick Douglass had to escape to fight for freedom. To become abolitionists. To expose the terror and cruelties that he faced from his owners and overseers as a slave wrote in the â€Å"Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass.† ​Being a slave was difficult from the beginning. In the case of Fredrick Douglass he was a product of unwanted love. He was born into slavery with no record or â€Å"accurate knowledge of age.†(Douglass) He was the son of Harriet Bailey, whoRead MoreFrederick Douglass Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave2160 Words   |  9 PagesJonathan Stang Waddell AP Language 26 July 2014 Fredrick Douglass-Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave Preface, page 4 â€Å"As soon as he had taken his seat, filled with hope and admiration, I rose, and declared that Patrick Henry, of revolutionary fame, never made a speech more eloquent in the cause of liberty, than the one we had just listened to from the lips of that hunted fugitive.† Response In this passage, Garrison attempts to express the sheerRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave1434 Words   |  6 PagesAs the most famous abolitionist African American leader, Fredrick Douglass is a political, historical, and literary figure whose words still reverberate the true meaning of freedom and political, economic, and social equality for all. Born a slave, Douglass was able to recount his story to a pre-Civil War American public, which had a tremendous effect on the views whites had about slavery and its role in American society. Douglass became a self-educated man as he grew up within the entanglementsRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1552 Words   |  7 Pages04/23/2015 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself Theme: False versus True Christianity In this theme, Fredrick Douglass contrasts the both forms of Christianity to show the underlying hypocrisy in slavery. The results show that slavery is not religious as it exposes the evils in human bondage. These ideals however can be distorted so as to fit in the society. Two forms of Christianity are presented in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and eachRead MoreBiography of Fredrick Douglass1294 Words   |  5 Pagesinventors, but what about the people that are in between – the people that fought for equality. Fredrick Douglass arguably had the greatest impact on American society, especially African American society, in the nineteenth century. Douglass is credited as being an abolitionist, author, editor, and diplomat. He used literature, books, newspapers, and even speeches, to leave a long lasting mark on our society. Douglass advised presidents and lectured to thousands about different causes, including women’s rightsRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1093 Words   |  5 Pagespossible difference.† -Frederick Douglass. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, by Frederick Douglass, shares the story of the struggles of an American slave du ring the eighteenth-century. Fredrick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland in approximately 1818. While being raised by his grandmother, Betsey Bailey, he snuck around at night to meet his mother nearby, assuming that his slaveholder, Captain Anthony, was his father. From adolescence, Douglass knew he was differentRead MoreAnalysis Of Fredrick Douglass s If There Is No Struggle 1395 Words   |  6 PagesGrant Todd Mr. Sotak English 9 23 May, 2016 Activism within Fredrick Douglass â€Å"If there is no struggle, there is no progression,† is what Fredrick Douglass said during his speech at Canandaigua, New York During an event celebrating West Indian Emancipation Day (blackpast.org). This is saying that struggles and hardships need to happen to get anything accomplished. A lot of people today view Fredrick Douglass as a civil rights activist because the things he has achieved and the way he has positively

Air Quality With Forest Fires - 973 Words

Air Quality with Forest Fires Since 1970, raging forest fires have doubled. Climate Central reports, this is because of climate change which has brought hotter summers and longer fire seasons. Throughout this paper, I will go over how forest fires are contributing to air pollution, ground ozone, the impacts on humans, and the response to the problem. This is a problem that individuals can’t help but there are ways they can keep safe and stay healthy when forest fires arise in their areas. Naturally occurring forest fires are a necessity for certain species like the lodgepole pine tree. Fire helps reduce competition and help the species release its seeds. According to National Geographic, each year there is an average of more than 100,000 forest fires that clear 4 million to 5 million acres of land in the United States. Intense wildfires have been on the rise, increasing to 9 million acres of land due to climate change, drought, and other conditions. These fires can damage forests so badly that it takes years for them to naturally recover. Forest fires are caused when you have the â€Å"fire triangle† which is fuel, oxygen, and a heat source. The more fuel, trees, grasses, and brush, the more intense the fire can become. National Geographic states, the West is the most common place in the United States for forest fires. Heat, drought, and frequent thunderstorms are the perfect environment for a forest fire to start. California experiences some of the worst fires because of theShow MoreRelatedThe Special Activities For Forestry Works Towards Supporting Activities1593 Words   |  7 Pagesactivities that are related to timber, fire prevention, management plan preparation, pest control services, forestry services, and reforestation. The main objective of forestry are to ensure forest are protected. Management can include ecological restoration and maintenance of forests. The Forest Service oversees timber sales and other vegetation management techniques. The Special Activities for Forestry provide serval aerial services to ensure that the forests stay managed. Aerial firefighting servicesRead More How Controlled Burns Improve Forestry Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pages Thousands upon thousands of acres are lost in forest fires every year. We always hear about the dramatic losses caused by forest fires and are often concerned by them. There are so many horrible effects from fires and most of them affect so many people. Studies have shown that out of all of the different methods to decrease fire damage, prescribed burns are the most affective. Many people would argue that they are not as affective because they cause so many health problems. AlthoughRead MoreAddressing Increased Wildfires Case Report847 Words   |  4 PagesSilviculture and Fire Management at OSU. In his testimony, John describes wildfire as inevitable. He links the 2017 wildfire in Oregon and West to a combination of climate change and increasing amount s of fuel. Fuels have been increasing in terms of total quantity and connectivity between the many acres and as a result, wildfires burn in increasingly large areas. The Forest Service has been making mistakes by being unable to treat the increasing surface fuels previous years before the fires. John recommendsRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pagesis in our hands to stop global warming from speeding up by reducing pollution, forest fire activities, and the emission of greenhouse gases. Planet Earth, Getting Too Hot For Health Firstly, our planet is getting to warm for our health, and this problem may result in several climate-triggered health threats that are expected to happen in the next decades, such as vector-borne infectious diseases, heat-related deaths, air pollution, and an emerging of others infectious diseases, just to name few. 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After the fire Grizzly Bears rummage through the now loose and nutrient rich soil for certain roots that are apart of their diets. These roots are only accessible to the Grizzly Bear after a fire has cleared out the forest. OnceRea d MoreThe Clean Air Act ( Caa )1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Clean Air Act (CAA) is a law that regulates air emissions from mobile and stationary sources. This law is comprehensive federal that authorize the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect people’s health and welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants (The United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA, 2015). The title I of the Clean Air Act (CAA) states the general requirements for states to submit StrategicRead MoreHow Can Our Environment Be Harmful? Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthat makes up our surrounding, this can be living or non-living things, for example; the air we breathe, the sea, the plants and animals etc. What Impact Does the Environment Have On Us? Seeing that in the beginning, human beings need to be responsive to their environment to survive, this means that we have an essential awareness of our surrounding and look out for surroundings with some types of qualities (Contributor and Kreitzer, 2013). First, human beings have a substantial need for securityRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesAir pollution can result from both human and natural actions. Natural events that pollute the air include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radioactivity. Pollution from natural occurrences is not very often. Human action include but not limited to industrial pollution, bush burning, biomass and many others. â€Å"Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agentRead MoreEnvironmental Problem in Mongolia Essay875 Words   |  4 Pages1 What are the important environmental problems in Mongolia today? The environment is everything around us. It is the air, water, land, climates and so on. A clean, well balanced environment has far reaching effects over all life forms and mankind. However, Mongolians can’t keep the environmental balance in recent times. Thus, it is causing serious negative effects such as air and water pollution, deforestation, desertification and land degradation. I think that the worst problems now affecting

External Environment Analysis of Airlines †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the External Environment Analysis of Airlines. Answer: Introduction: Singapore Airlines Limited (SIA) is an airline transportation company based at Singapore.The airline group officially started its operations in the year 1972. During its initial formation years, SIA focused on consolidating its position as the national carrier of the island city by extending its international route networks. The airline also increased its fleet size by incorporating bigger and better jet aircrafts like Boeing 747, Boeing 777, Airbus A380, etc. The firm has made significant investments in its brand value by stressing on the great cabin service that is provided on the SIA flights. SIA has successfully gained a good reputation for its excellentservicequality that is provided to its airline customers by paying keen attention to their specific needs and adopting a progressive approach to sustain in the changing market (Pearson, PitfieldRyley, 2015). The main focus of this assignment is to understand the various external elements which have a bearing on the performance and profitability of the airline. It has successfully been providing quality services to its customers and it has effectively adapted itself in the prevailing market scenario. SIA has effectively developedits competitive advantagesthat help it to sustain in a productive manner in the airline sector (Alagarasan, et al., 2015). The external factors that have an impact on its profits and performance have been analyzed including political, environmental, social, technological, legal and economic aspects. The various opportunities and threats that the firm faces in the current business environment have been identified and discussed. The below graph highlights the revenue trend of SIA group in last five years. It reveals the airline has continuously given a consistent performance irrespective of the changing market. This indicates that the firm is agile and adapts quickly to the changing and unpredictable market environment. External environment analysis As per Heracleous Wirtz, 2014, airline sector has always been a large and growing industry which has a vital influence on the economy of its nation. It facilitates the growth in the economy, world trade, national and international investments, tourism, etc. Sothe carrier industry plays a central role in the current global scene and many industries are directly or indirectly affected by its performance.In the Asia context,the aviation industryrelating to the commercial flights has dramatically grownin the recent times (Heracleous Wirtz, 2014). Albert Beatty, 2014 said that it is vital to identify and understand all the elements that influence the performance of a concern in its related industry (Albert Beatty, 2014). This section has been designed with the objective to answer the key questions that arise with regard to the various external factors that dominate and influence the Singapore Airlines Limited in the airline industry. The various factors of the firm that play a crucial role have been critically elaboratedso that the strategic choices and decisions of SIAcan be understood and the reason for its sustainable expansion can becomprehended in a simpler manner (Anderson, et al., 2015). PESTEL Analysis Political and Legal The nationalpolitical scenario of Singapore has significant impact on the performance of Singapore Airlines. Since the commercial carrier represents Singapore itself, it receives good support from the government. The lack of government support can affect the overall performance of the airline (Barnes, 2016). The airline receives support relating to safety and security policies, infrastructure related issues, consumer and passenger rights, etc which simplifies this aspect of the external scenario. If the government doesnt involve itself in the policy process, the passengers and overall airline business might be at the receiving end. Since the carbon dioxide emission is highest through air transport various political leaders encourage the public to use road travel mode like buses and cars since it has lower impact on the health aspects of the masses. The changes that occur in the legal framework of the location can have vital impact on the business of SIA. Different government bodies introduce different legal obligations which must be followed by all the firms that operate in the nation. After the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 the legal regulations have become strict in all parts of the world. Major changes have taken place in the methods adopted for passenger screening and checking that is conducted during air travel (Berg, et al., 2015). Economic According to Bhimani, et al., 2013, any major airline company functions across different national economic border. Thus the airlines are subject to a number of national and global economies. One vital economic change that impacts the productivity level of the Singapore airlines is the rise in the fuel cost. The firm adopts a premium pricing strategy so it might lower the burden of the increasing fuel expenses that are incurred by the company (Bhimani, et al., 2013). In order to have a check over the increasing fuel costs SIA has implemented a comprehensive fuel productivity initiative. The above graph shows the average cost implication of the SIA. The major cost is incurred on fuel, so any economic policy relating to the fluctuation in fuel prices has significant impact on SIAs productivity. The fuel cost has been rising upwards since there is uncertainty around global oil production level.SIA has contract with Brent till 2022 and it covers about 33 percent to 39 percent of its estimated fuel annual consumption at the average of 53$ to 59$ a barrel. About 26 percent of SIAs total expenditure incurred last quarter of 2016 was due to jet fuel cost. The graph shows the GDP trend and the sector wise trend in Singapore and reflects that the transportation storage sector contributes to 5.4% to the total economy. Environmental There is high value of environmental friendly services by both government bodies and the customer section. Singapore Airlines takes this aspect into consideration and believes that its air transportation service should be of highest quality since it has a long-term responsibility to help in maintaining the natural environment. The importance to abide by the environmental policies and laws are likely to increase in future due to the national carbon emission reduction objective (Buono, 2015). SIA adopts sustainable practices to make sure that its operations are conducted in a responsible manner. The Airline follows strict rules relating to carbon emission, noise pollution, consumption of resources, etc. Technological Technological innovations play a key role in the aviation industry since the industry involves long haul passenger carrier travel. Mostly airline service providers spend high funds on the research and development aspects to update the use of technology in their operations. The Singapore Airlines spends considerable amount of money to introduce new fleet with latest cabin products so that their sales and customer base can improve (Cao, 2013). It believes in providing high quality experience to its passengers by regularly updating its technological aspects. This environmental aspect provides both opportunities and threat for a firm. SIA has been able to use this factor to its advantage by spending millions on RD to be technologically inclined (Fetherman, 2013). Social The changes that take place in the social front have a strong influence on the performance of any industry and its participants. The changing social trends impacts heavily on the operations of the Singapore airlines. Mostly wealthy people prefer to travel to faraway destinations but this trend has changed since a few decades and now less wealthy people are also spending money to visit to tropical and exotic locations (Fincham, MoheSeidl, 2013). This feature has an impact on the Singapore airline performance in the market. This factor posed a threat o SIAs operations since it believes in premium pricing and it has forced it to enter market that caters to the needs of middle income group consumers. The above graphical representation shows the international visitor arrival trend in Singapore city. There is slight increase in the number of visitors in 1015 as compared to the previous year. This shows that now people from middle-income group are also spending money on travel to exotic places. Porters Five Forces analysis Michael Porters five force analyses is vital since it acts as a tool to study the elements like suppliers, consumers, rivals, new entrants and substitutes which affect the productivity of a firm. This model is adopted to assess the competitive status in the industry and focuses on the pattern of the external elements. It is vital to understand the various factors which need to be checked by SIA in order to continue a positive and strong performance in the industry (Hillier, 2015). This analysis is vital to make necessary changes in the strategic planning of the firm and have a competitive advantage in the industry. Threat of new entrants This aspect analyses the attractiveness of an industry which might encourage new firms to enter and function in the particular industry. In the commercial airline industry, the threat of new entrants is weak (Loucks, et al., 2017). The scope of new players entering the scene is limited since it requires huge investments and there is high congestion of the airports in large regional hubs. Intensity of Industry rivalry The study of the competition from existing airline companies is vital for Singapore Airline. It has vital impact on its customer base and its productivity in the market. There is high intensity of competition in the airline industry. The growth in the existing airline carriers increases the air traffic (Mishra, 2013). The current carrier firms need to focus on the price-cutting mechanism in order to capture a greater portion of the market share. The main competitors of SIA include AirAsia, Cebu Pacific, etc that focus on their low-cost advantage. Since the demand is rising in this industry, the number of flights by airlines is also on rise. Example Around 40 flights connect Singapore and Kuala Lumpur on a daily basis. Stiff competition shows that SIAs customers have fallen by 12percent since 2008. In 2017 Air Serbi has been named as market leader by Air Transport World. It is a direct rival of SIA on global platform based on innovative product, service and strategies. Threat of substitutes This element of the five force model analyses the alternative option that is with the customers and can be used to move from a particular concern and its operation. The threat of substitute in the airline service industry relating to SIAsshort-destination business is relatively moderate (Muhamad, 2013). Passengers can opt for rail services instead of traveling by an airline. In case of long-destination flights, SIA faces threat at a global level from global carriers. Bargaining power of Buyers The bargaining power of buyers refers to the strong position that they acquire as compared to their supplier of goods or services. In the commercial airline industry, the bargaining power of the customers i.e. the buyers is mostly moderate (Suh, et al., 2013). The cost of switching between one airline firms to another is very low and also the prices set and charged by most of the airline service providers is similar.Mostly passengers remain loyal to their particular preferred airline. Bargaining power of Suppliers It highlights the impact of the suppliers service on a firms productivity in the respective industry.Generally in the transportation industry the suppliers have a strong bargaining power (Taylor, 2013). The huge fleet of the Singapore airlines is dependent on a number of suppliers for machinery functioning, maintenance activities, fuel needs, etc. With little number of suppliers in the industry SIA depends largely on its specific set of service providers. The Singapore Airlines has beensuccessfully maintaininga competitive position in the airline industry since its establishment and operation. The issue that the firm faces relates to the implementation of strategy in order to retain its strong hold on the market share. Its regularmodification of the structure of its strategic management model is crucial for continuing its sustainable streak as the best airline of Singapore and around the globe. It needs to conduct regular analysis of the external factors which could have an impact on its internal environment and its overall operations and profit-yielding capacity.(Heracleous Wirtz, 2014). Since the market environment is highly uncertain and unpredictable, a new threat might occur from any side and disrupt the normal operations of the airline firm. So it is vital to understand the changes that take place in the external world and its power to change the operation model of the particular airline firm (Fetherman, 2013). Since it has experienced the changing environment since a number of decades, this is not a new issue for SIA but it is crucial for the firm to remain agile while operating in the industry so that no competitor can take advantage of the situation and threaten its current market leadership position. SIA also needs to regularly update its model keeping in mind the changing technological surrounding prevalent in the industry. The graph above highlights that the fuel productivity of the Singapore Airline had declined as compared to previous year as per 2015-16 data. So the firm needs to focus on measures to increase its fuel efficiency. Conclusion The Singapore airlines must keep on updating its strategic approach by considering all the internal as well as external factors which have an influence on its operations and productivity in the airline industry. It can focus on more strategies to reduce the impact of rising fuel costs by trying to explore fuel suppliers in the industry. Its focus on the consumers and their experience should continue so that its customer base can be expanded further. The airline might also look into methods like reducing its fleet size, disposingold aircraftsat a profitable rate so that its rising costs can be curtailed which is one of its major issues at the moment. In any industry, the role of critical analysis of the external business environment is vital for the effective and sustainable performance of an organization. The airline industry is a vital industry and affects the overall health of the economy. The Singapore Airlines Limited has been the focus point and its external factors have been thoroughly analyzed using the PESTEL Model and Poters Five Force Analysis framework. It helps in understanding the strategic model of the Airline firm which has helped it to be a market leader in the industry for a very long time. Its focus on its high quality of service has helped it to maintain a strong leadership position in the airline industry. Its changing strategic plan plays a crucial role in helping the firm to adapt in the ever-changing business environment. References Alagarasan, V., Huacarpuma, R.C., Lima, S.R. and Dean, W., 2015.API Management Introduction and Principles.Forrester research. Albert, M. and Beatty, B.J., 2014.Flipping the classroom applications to curriculum redesign for an introduction to management course: Impact on grades.Journal of Education for Business,89(8), pp.419-424. Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D. and Cochran, J.J., 2015.An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Barnes, C., 2016. An introduction to the management of paediatric patients with coeliac disease.Gastrointestinal Nursing,14(9), pp.39-45. Berg, D., Mani, H.S., Marinakis, Y.G., Tierney, R. and Walsh, S., 2015.An introduction to Management of Technology pedagogy (andragogy). Bhimani, A., Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Stratton, W.O. and Schatzberg, J., 2013.Introduction to Management Accounting.Pearson Higher Ed. Buono, A.F., 2015. An Introduction to Management Consultancy.Academy of Management Learning Education,14(1), pp.144-147. Cao, M., 2013.Introduction to management and analysis of ion fragmentation data. Fetherman, E.R., 2013.Introduction and management of Myxoboluscerebralis-resistant Rainbow Trout in Colorado(Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University). Fincham, R., Mohe, M. and Seidl, D., 2013. Guest Editors' Introduction: Management Consulting and Uncertainty: Mapping the Territory.International Studies of Management Organization,43(3), pp.3-10. Heracleous, L. and Wirtz, J., 2014. Singapore Airlines: Achieving sustainable advantage through mastering paradox. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 50(2), pp.150-170. Hillier, J., 2015. Fritz J. Roethlisberger Memorial Award Goes to Lets Burn Them All: Reflections on the Learning-Inhibitory Nature of Introduction to Management and Introduction to Organization Behavior Textbooks.Journal of Management Education,39(6), pp.681-683. Loucks, D.P., Van Beek, E., Stedinger, J.R., Dijkman, J.P. and Villars, M.T., 2017.Water resources systems planning and management: an introduction to methods, models and applications. Deltares, UNESCO-IHE, Springer. Mishra, U., 2013. Introduction to management information system.arXiv preprint arXiv:1308.1797. Muhamad, H., 2013. Introduction to management accounting. Pearson, J., Pitfield, D. and Ryley, T., 2015. Intangible resources of competitive advantage: Analysis of 49 Asian airlines across three business models. Journal of Air Transport Management, 47, pp.179-189. Suh, C.J., Kim, H.T., Kim, J.H. and Kwak, Y.W., 2013. Introduction to Management Quality.Seoul: Pakyoungsa. Schmitt, A., Barker, V.L., Raisch, S. and Whetten, D., 2016. Strategic renewal in times of environmental scarcity.Long Range Planning, 49(3), pp.361-376 Singstat.gov.sg. 2017.Welcome to Statistics Singapore. [online] Available at: https://www.singstat.gov.sg [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Taylor, B.W., 2013. Introduction to Management Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.Global Edition. Whyte, R. and Lohmann, G., 2015. The carrier-within-a-carrier strategy: An analysis of Jetstar. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, pp.141-148.

Scarlet Letter free essay sample

On one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rose-bush, covered, in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him. Chapter 1, pg. 46 -This rose-bush represents Pearl afterwards in Hester’s life. The prison reflects on the image of Hester where Pearl gives her all the joy and comfort to Hester to bear the weight of the sin. Quote: On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold-thread, appeared the letter A. It was so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy, that it had all the effect of a last and fitting decoration to the apparel which she wore; and which was of a splendor in accordance with the taste of the age, but greatly beyond what was allowed by the sumptuary regulations of the colony. She made it look so, in order to tell the public that she is a sinner. Even tough she has a sin inside her soul, she is trying to portray it through the fanciness of her bosom and make it bearable to carry it on. Quote: When he found the eyes of Hester Prynne fastened on his own, and saw that she appeared to recognize him, he slowly and calmly raised his finger, made a gesture with it in the air, and laid it on his lips. Chapter 3, pg. 57 -This is the moment of recognition of Hester and her real husband that did not make to Boston with her. Quote: Never! Replied Hester Prynne, looking, not at Mr. Wilson, but into the deep and troubled eyes of the younger clergyman [Dimmesdale]. It is too deeply branded. Ye cannot take it off. And would that I might endure his agony, as well as mine! Chapter 3, pg. 64 Pride is revealed as a characteristic of Hester. Her sin has determined the letter to be worn on her bosom. As a seamstress the letter took a lot of time, patience and skill to make and she wont take it off because that letter has a price. But there is a fatality, a feeling so irresistible and inevitable that it has the force of doom, which almost invariably compels human beings to linger around and haunt, ghostlike, the spot where some great and marked event has given the color to their lifetime; and still the more irresistibly, the darker the tinge that saddens it. Chapter 5, pg. 73 Human life’s are not perfect they always have â€Å"something hard† carrying on themselves, where a color to their life’s makes a difference. Quote: Throughout all, however, there was a trait of passion, a certain depth of hue. The child could not be made amenable to rules. The mothers impassioned state had been the medium through which were transmitted to the unborn infant the rays of its moral life; and, however white and clear originally, they had taken the deep stains of crimson and gold, the fiery lustre, the black shadow, and the untempered light of the intervening substance. Above all, the warfare of Hesters spirit, at that epoch, was perpetuated in Pearl. Chapter 6, pg. 83 Pearl from this description is known to be the wild child. Her mother doesn’t not have full control over the feeling of Pearl. However, only Pearl bring any kind of joy to the Hester, giving her a will to live. Never, since release from prison, had Hester met the public gaze without her. † Chapter 6, pg. 85 Hester shows mental weakness. A cure for such a condition would be taking Pearl anywhere with her using her as a shield as a protection of the people ever hungry eyes. Quote: There was a fire in her [Pearl] and throughout her; she seemed the unpremeditated offshoot of a passionate moment. After putting her finger in her mouth, with many ungracious refusals to answer good Mr. Wilsons questions, the child finally announced that she had not been made at all, but had been plucked by her mother off the bush of wild roses that grew by the prison-door. Chapter 8, pg. 103 Pearl never takes any question serious, however always trying to make fun of people and to protect her mother. This is a key quote for the story. She is being very aggressive to other people for she knows that her mother loves her only and no other. Quote: Speak thou for me! cried she. Thou wast my pastor, and hadst charge of my soul, and knowest me better than these men can. I will not lose the child! Speak for me! Thou knowest, for thou hast sympathies which these men lack! thou knowest what is in my heart, and what are a mothers rights, and how much the stronger they are, when that mother has but her child and the scarlet letter! Look thou to it! I will not lose the child! Look to it! Chapter 8, pg. 104 Hester is desperate for Pearl. If Pearl is taken away from her she will â€Å"die† for she has no will to live. The sin will soon become too heavy without Pearl. As every mother is protective, Hester as a mother too is protective. This is one of nature laws. Quote: Roger Chillingworth the man of skill, the kind and friendly physician strove to go deep into his patients bosom, delving among his principles, prying into his recollections, and probing everything with a cautious touch, like a treasure-seeker in a dark cavern. Few secrets can escape an investigator, who has opportunity and license to undertake such a quest, and skill to follow it up. A man burdened with a secret should especially avoid the intimacy of his physician. Chapter 9, pg. 114 Roger Chillingworth is a mean character. All he is trying to do is to hurt Dimmesdale and make him confess the sin he has in his bosom, like Hester has. He is skilled in doing such a job, where Dimmesdale doesn’t give up that easy and he is not telling Roger Chillingworth anythinh. Quote: Trusting no man as his friend, he could not recognize his enemy when the latter actually appeared. Chapter 10, pg. 120 This tells how Dimmesdale is keeping a safe distance from the drill of Roger Chillingworth’s words. However, he cannot really see that Roger Chillingworth is a friend or not so that is why he is keeping a safe distance from him. As we know Dimmesdale is like a safe, he will never tell him the sin he is keeping inside it. Roger Chillingworth in contrarily is making best efforts to open that safe. Quote: Even in the graveyard here at hand They are new to me. I found them growing on a grave, which bore no tombstone, nor other memorial of the dead man, save these ugly weeds, that have taken upon themselves to keep him in remembrance. They grew out of his heart, and typify, it may be, some hideous secret that was buried with him, and which he had done better to confess during his lifetime. Perchance, said Mr. Dimmesdale, he earnestly desired it, but could not. Chapter 10, pg. 120 These ugly weeds symbolize the evil or bad things that were done by that man. They symbolize some hideous secret that was buried with him, because they grew from his heart. The heart is a secret safer and that is why it is said that a secret was buried. Quote: Come away, mother! Come away, or yonder old Black Man will catch you! He hath got hold of the minister already. Come away, mother, or he will catch you! But he cannot catch little Pearl! Chapter 10, pg. 123 Pearl is knows an â€Å"evil fighter†. Her ultimate goal is to â€Å"kill† the Black Man. Because she is an â€Å"evil fighter† the Black Man could not catch her. Pearl does not really know that the Black Man will catch Hester, but is trying to â€Å"safe† Hester. This also reveals as command to Hester, where Pearl seizes the opportunity to make Hester listen to her. Quote: But, if it be the souls disease, then do I commit myself to the one Physician of the soul! But who are thou, that meddlest in this matter? that dares thrust himself between the sufferer and his God? Chapter 10, pp. 125-6 Dimmesdale is on the right track, he is being suspicious of the Physician now. He is starting to disbelief him and tells him that his is not God to know everything he has and has done wrong. Quote: But with what a wild look of wonder, job, and horror! With what a ghastly rapture. making itself even riotously manifest by the extravagant gesture with which he threw up his arms towards the ceiling, and stamped his foot upon the floor! Had a man seen old Roger Chillingworth, at that moment of his ecstasy, he would have had no need to ask how Satan comports himself when a precious human soul is lost to heaven, and won into his kingdom. Chapter 10, pg. 127 Roger Chillingworth is being described as a creature more evil than the Satan himself. Quote: To the untrue man, the whole universe is false,- it is impalpable,- it shrinks to nothing within his grasp. The only truth that continued to give Mr. Dimmesdale a real existence on this earth was the anguish in his inmost soul Chapter 11, pg. 134 You can imagine the universe as Dimmesdale’s heart, however remember that the universe is infinite large. The secret somewhere in the center of the universe, but we ant find the center because the universe is infinite big and the center cannot be found even though we know there is. Dimmesdale is most challenged with living together with the secret. I believe he should confess soon. Quote: Come up hither, Hester, thou and little Pearl. Ye have both been here before, but I was not with you. Come up hither once again, and we will stand all three together! Chapter 12, pg. 140 He wants to feel sinner too, even though there is no one to witness this situation, he is feeling greatly relieved. He felt it for first time how Hester had been through this years. He also knows that he cannot really imagine how it would feel like if the whole crowd was present. It is the only way to feel the right feeling of how Hester feels like standing on the scaffold. Quote: [M]any people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. They said that it meant Able; so strong was Hester Prynne, with a womans strength. Chapter 13, pg. 148 Because of Hester strong character and dedication, the public feel that she doesn’t feel the sin anymore and that he has overcome the pain of it. They replace the A for Adulterer as â€Å"Able† to cope with the sin.

The Japanese Culture of Ukiyo

Japanese culture is probably one of the most robust cultures of the entire history of human civilization. There are authorities that have surmised that this robust culture is among the greatest contributors to the way Japanese economy is seen. Japanese economy is among the most developed in the 21st economic dispensation and this has been attributed to the conservative culture that has described the Japanese historical lineage. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Japanese Culture of Ukiyo-e and Ikebana specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among these authorities are those who point to the fact that Japanese culture can be traced from as early as from the antediluvian times of the JÃ… mon period to the current times where it is considered to comprise of shades borrowed from the Asian, North American and European cultures. This culture is further considered eccentric from the way it can be observed that in its hist ory, there was some sort of isolation from the rest of its world during what was called the Tokugawa Shogunate straight to the times that are referred to as ‘The arrival of the Black Ships’ otherwise called the Meiji Period. This essay considers some of these authorities that have given incredible insights concerning the Japanese Culture and discusses their perceptions regarding the same. The book that is going to be considered for this write-up is J. Thomas Rimer’s and Van C. Gessel’s, The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature, Vol. 1: From Restoration to Occupation, which is an anthology that has different authorities talking about different areas of Japanese Culture and the way it has evolved over time. One of the authorities that I will consider first is Mori Ôgai, the author of The Dancing Girl, who was a Japanese translator, physician, poet and novelist of renowned reputation among his contemporaries. In his book, Mori greatly concen trates on the Meiji period where he wrote critiques that were based on the Karl von Hartmann aesthetic theories. He talks about a channel of Japanese culture that was reserved to the traditional ways of livelihood where the natives heavily dependent on the peculiarities of their culture such as language and artistic work. As an artistic literati, Mori in The Dancing Girl talks about artistic works that are peculiarly specified for the Japanese women that has differentiated them from women from other cultures. This, he achieves by using the girl in the story to who also posses as the main character to discuss his theme. Advertising Looking for report on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Two areas of the Japanese culture that Mori talks about is Ukiyo-e and Ikebana which are Japanese words that are common to the pre-Meiji artistic works of the Japanese people. Ukiyo-e is a collection of pictures of a ‘floating worldâ €™ which are used by the girl in his book to make her outstanding and unique among her contemporaries. The other area that he talks about is the arrangement of flowers which is another area that characterizes Japanese culture. So common is the use of Ikebana among the Japanese natives that it has remained an identity for their culture over time. Natsume Sà ´seki, in his article The Civilization of Modern-Day Japan’ ‘My Individualism’ majors on the history of the Japanese governance and human rights activism which is another area of Japanese livelihood that is of great interest to scholars interested in studying this great culture. He discusses the instances of revolts of ordinary people that struggled so much for the freedom of their state in some instances risking their lives. These are the tenets of the Japanese culture that according to him have made this culture such a wonder for many scholars that have been fascinated by its development and establis hment over time. Continued struggle for freedom through activism, human rights proponents and such advocates for human freedoms have greatly characterized Sà ´seki’s work. A term he uses to further this surmise is Nihonjinron which can loosely be translated to mean ‘theories about the Japanese People’ and does so by further discussing issues to do with Japanese sociology, linguistics, psychology and science; tenets that have all along characterized the Japanese Culture . In the same volume The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature, Vol. 1: From Restoration to Occupation, Kunikida Doppo talks about Japanese culture as regards its development in a material sense in his article dubbed, Meat and Potatoes. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Japanese Culture of Ukiyo-e and Ikebana specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He begins by first surmising that Japan is among the highest in the wh ole world in terms of the Rational-Secular Values when it comes to the way the natives express themselves with their possessions and artistic work. It is his contention that the Japanese culture is greatly predicated on the conservativeness of its foods, artistic work, among other identifiers he talks about. He further talks about Japanese culinary past where he talks about the robust and refined cuisine that has been with this culture from its inception in the early ages of their development. This culture in Doppo’s eyes is so eccentric that it has been taken up by Western cultures like in the US, Europe where dishes such as tempura, sushi and teriyaki are commonly prepared and enjoyed by these foreign locals. One of the reasons that he gives explaining the probable reason as to why these dishes are opted for by exotic people is the way the diet is associated with the longevity of the people of Japan both in their cultures and livelihoods. In addition to these areas of Jap anese culture that are discussed by these different authorities, anthology also talks about specific areas of the culture that are also just as important pointers to their uniqueness. One of these areas of interest is Japanese clothing. This is an area that is probably the most outstanding identifier that makes it so distinctive. From time immemorial, Japanese people have had distinctive clothing that are respective to both men and women separately and there are no garments that are shared by both sexes. Some of these native clothing are kimono, naga-gi which are special clothes that are worn by Japanese natives on special occasions. There are further peculiarities with this culture that may be considered complex and difficult for non-Japanese natives to distinguish. An example here is the Tomesode (which is a kimono that is worn by a woman who is married whereas Furisode is one that is worn by women who are not married. The difference between these garments is very slight; in fac t, Mori jokes about it by saying that ‘it is easier to differentiate mansion and a bungalow than it is to differentiate these Japanese garments’. In a word, The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature, Vol. 1: From Restoration to Occupation is a great collection of literary works by different authorities on Japanese culture and it is among the best anthologies that make the volume a great read. In addition to these sentiments, it is overtly clear in the volume of the central role that the Japanese culture plaid in the shaping of the livelihood of the people and the entire country’s developmental areas. Advertising Looking for report on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Viewed in another way, the Japanese society is one that can be considered a closely-knit unit that makes it fabric that has enviable moral code, robust economic culture and superb national heritage. It is in this view therefore that the said authors that have been discussed herein unanimously point to the fact that Japanese culture is one that stands out among the cultures of the East and Central Asia in their its eccentric moral fabric that is favourable for economic development. This report on The Japanese Culture of Ukiyo-e and Ikebana was written and submitted by user Karlee Parrish to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Defective Verbs in English

Definition and Examples of Defective Verbs in English In English grammar, defective verb is a traditional term for a  verb that doesnt exhibit all the typical forms of a conventional  verb.   English modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and  would)  are defective in that they lack distinctive  third-person singular and nonfinite forms.  Ã‚   As illustrated  below, discussions of defective verbs commonly  appeared in 19th-century school grammars; however,  modern linguists and grammarians rarely use the term. David Crystals Take In grammar, [defective is] a traditional description of words which do not display all the rules of the class to which they belong. The English modal verbs, for example, are defective in that they do not permit the usual range of verb forms, such as an infinitive or participle forms (*to may,  *shalling, etc.). Because of its pejorative connotations in general usage, the term needs to be used cautiously. It tends to be avoided  in modern linguistic analysis (which talks more in terms of irregular forms and exceptions to rules), but will be encountered in studies of linguistic historiography. The distinction between defective and irregular needs to be appreciated: a defective form is a missing form; an irregular form is present, but does not conform to the rule governing the class to which it belongs.(David Crystal, A  Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008) Beware and Begone Some verbs are termed  defective;  they are such as want some of the parts ordinarily ascribed to verbs.  Beware  is a  defective verb being  used  only  in the imperative or to give a caution. . . .  Begone  may be accounted another  defective verb  like  beware.  Begone  is a compound, made up of  be  and  gone,  that is  get  away; and  beware  is composed of  be  and  ware  found in  aware,  and  wary.(John R. Beard, Lessons in English, LXII. The Popular Educator, Vol. 3, 1860) The Defective  Copula Is A defective verb  is one which has not all the usual verbal forms.  Is, the copula, is irregular. It is also defective as it has no imperative or autonomous forms, no verbal noun or verbal adjective.(Irish-English/English-Irish Easy Reference Dictionary. Roberts Rinehart, 1998) George Campbell on the Defective Verb Ought [I]n order to express the past with the  defective verb ought, we must use the perfect of the infinitive, and say for example, he ought to have done it; this in that verb being the only possible way of distinguishing the past from the present.(George Campbell, The Philosophy of Rhetoric, Volume 1, 1776) Discussions of Defective Verbs in 19th-Century School  Grammars What do you mean by a  Defective Verb?A  Defective Verb  is a Verb that is imperfect; that is, that cannot be conjugated through all the Moods and Tenses; such as the Verb Ought, which has  just been repeated.Which are the Defective Verbs?The Auxiliary Verbs are in general defective, because they have not any Participles; neither do they admit another helping Verb to be placed before them.Repeat the Defective Verbs.The Defective Verbs are, Do, Shall, Will, Can, May, Let, Must, Ought.How are the Defective Verbs used?They are always joined to the Infinitive Mood of some other Verb; as for example, I dare say, I ought to learn my lesson.Must implies necessity, as I  must do well, i.e. it is necessary that I should, or I am obliged to do so: why? because I ought, i.e. it is my duty to do well.Are the Auxiliary Verbs Have, and Am, or Be, Defective Verbs?No; they are  perfect, and formed like other Verbs.(Ellin Devis,  The Accidence, or, First Rudiments of English Grammar, 17 th ed., 1825) A List of Defective Verbs Defective verbs are those that can be used only in some particular modes and tenses. They are few in number and are as follows: ambeencancouldmaymightshallshouldwaswillwould Various Discussions on Defective Verbs Love  is not a  defective  verb;  you can use it in any mood and tense. You can say, I love, I loved, I have loved, I had loved, I shall or will love, I shall have loved, I may, can or must love: but  can  is a  defective verb.  You can say  I  can,  but you cannot say I have can, I had can, I shall can or will can,  I  may  can,  or  must  can.(J.H. Hull,  Lectures on the English Language: Comprehending the Principles and Rules of  Syntactical Parsing on a  New and Highly Improved System,  8th ed., 1834) A  defective  verb  is that which wants some of the modes and tenses; while an  irregular  verb  has all the modes and tenses, though  irregularly  formed.(Rufus William Bailey,  English Grammar: A Simple, Concise, and Comprehensive Manual of the English  Language,  10th ed., 1855)   Verbs which are not used in all the moods and tenses are called Defective. But the student must not  suppose  from this that Defective constitutes a separate or fourth class  of verb. This is not at all the case.  Quoth,  for  example,  is a  Defective  verb, but also Intransitive. Again wit is a Defective verb, but also Transitive. Again, may is a Defective verb, but also Auxiliary.(John Collinson Nesfield,  English Grammar Past and Present: With Appendices on Prosody, Synonyms, and  Other Outlying Subjects, 1898)

Swot or FDI analysis on Human Development Indext in International Essay

Swot or FDI analysis on Human Development Indext in International busines - Essay Example To support international business the government has had to create a number of policies that are in line with the HDI measures. Human development is supported by the ability of the population to access a variety of products and services affordably. Infrastructure is therefore key to human development (Ranis, Stewart, & Samman, 2006). Since the inception of international business by the Economic committee, international business has been designated as the lifeblood for economic growth of Singapore and the impact the same has on both the finance and the logistics sectors of this economy. The SWOT based on HDI in relation to international business include: Strength- Existence of attractive trade infrastructure hence a huge trader in world oil. There is wide connectivity in terms of business and physical location (Chowdhury, & Squire, 2006). Political stability is a key requirement for international business to thrive. Weaknesses are much unwelcome as they discourage FDI and global business in the long run: these include; less pool of local professionals in trade with costs such as rent and wages rocketing high. In addition there is limited access to capital and export credit insurance. The opportunities on the other hand are vast including the international access of markets and the increased liberalization of Asia as well as demand for risk management. We experience a few threats including other locations offering better incentives and an increase in direct trade. The increased access to international business has an impact on overall Human Development Index (HDI) as the population will be able to improve in terms of living standards given the trade in variety (Chowdhury, & Squire, 2006). Human development index is directly related to the strengths and opportunities presented by the access to international business. This is due to the fact that the

Special education paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Special education paraphrase - Essay Example Normally different professionals have various levels of commitment to collaboration. Thus, their perceptions coupled with one’s standpoint determine the number of chances one will have to take part in collaboration or whether much of the work will be completed without much support. 2. Communication skills-Communication skills comprise facial expressions, posture as well as other nonverbal signs in addition to the choice words and the way they are expressed. Communication skills can easily be taught and learnt in various university courses. Collaboration can greatly be developed or inhibited by communication skills. When one is positively interacting and all is well one need not have exceptional communication skills. Nevertheless, communication skills are crucial in awkward or controversial situations. Communication skills cannot be developed overnight and they should be practiced so that one may have them handy when situation demands. The following strategies and concepts are particularly crucial for educators in addition to illustrating the significance of communication skills for purposes of collaboration; One should start with listening so as to enhance his/her communication skills for collaboration. Listening can be challenging due to interruptions that may arise such as when having other thoughts of maybe another student or an upcoming conference may make someone so tired thus making it hard to follow what the speaker is saying or the information being said may confuse somebody.Secondly effective communication skill takes place when you encourage someone else to continue speaking by use of nonverbal signs. For instance when a mother is explaining the favorite play activities of her child, one’s smile is likely to positively influence the mother to say more. In addition communicating through one’s body conveys crucial messages without interrupting the speaker. Thus for instance when one is nodding and

Strategic Analysis Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic Analysis Project - Essay Example Corporate office sees an opportunity for fresh new ideas and perceptive from you, and is looking for a formal business case, which will include a well researched strategy, specific tactics, and a complete communication plan that will help this hotel achieve very specific and measurable business objectives . This account will first examine the Canada base Signature hotel market, talk about the main industry group of actors and show the family member significance of input issue. Moreover, it will find out the Canada consumer trends, there the variety of background of investors and provide a future outlook the length of with a predict which has been built-up to exemplify the manufacturing and the factors touching its growth and future. In end, it determination remark on short-term and long-term asset as well as recommending an result for the shareholder. Kevin (et all, 2006) has conducted research into the innovative practices used by hotels to satisfy customer needs and preferences, specifically business travelers and also women business travelers who have increased needs of safety and privacy. The research shows that professionalism of front-line staff was rated as a top individual item with the highest level of agreement among managers in achieving and maintaining competitiveness. As the nature of the hospitality industry is to provide service through people, front-line staffs, which have direct contact with customers, play an essential role in delivering quality service. Choi (16 April 2007) has suggested that business travelers try to fit in some pleasure along with the business trip. The author has given details from the National Business Travel Association, which suggests that 62 percent of U.S. business travelers add a leisure component to at least one business trip every year and two thirds said that they also bring along a family member of a friend to the trip. 1.1. Current expectations CNN (Chan, 14 August 2007) has reported that there is a change in the profile of the business traveler and this segment includes women, single parents, double income families, people who would like to take their families, spouse or kids along and those who look forward to combining a vacation along with the business trip. When people come with their kids or other family members, they expect some type of entertainment, sight seeing facilities and those with young kids expect a small playpen, a decent swimming pool and other such facilities. The article also claims that nearly half of all business travelers are women who travel alone and have special needs for security in their rooms, in the car parking area, the lobby, elevator, restaurant, bar and other areas. Women need special care to ward off unwanted attention as they enter the hotel, have food or a drink and hotel staff are trained to provide them better services. Some hotels have created women friendly services with special flo ors exclusively for women and monitor all approach and exit points in the hotel. Florio (30 May 2007) has reported that the Generation X or the new young business travelers expect "luxuries of home in exchange for their hard earned travel dollar. Among other

Construction of the Space Colony: Challenges

Construction of the Space Colony: Challenges Construction The major problem regarding such a big and aspiring project is trying to reflect the imagined side of it into reality. Until now, this problem has been a rather unsolvable one, but with the modern day possibility of colonizing close to Earth celestial entities, like the Moon, and to rapidly create parts with 3D printers, it is possible to overcome it. The construction of the space colony has been a rather debated dilemma, being a very sensible issue, which regards huge amounts of funding and involvement. There have been issued 3 construction plans, which we will analyze and show the disadvantages of two of them, and the perks of the one I have chosen: 1. Terrestrial construction before the rapid development of space shuttles and the advanced repairing of satellites in space (a rather common action in modern times), the only solution, which seemed possible for the construction of such a project was building it as a whole on Earth. Even if it were more facile and faster regarding the actual construction process, shipping it on the orbit would be an impossible action. That amount of mass requires the usage of fuel of almost 4800 launchings, which will only increase the weight of the station and reduce the force to mass ratio of the engines used. Also, in order to generate that amount of force, to defy the gravitational pull, it would be required an incredible amount of energy, which is the equivalent of a handful of atomic detonations. The consequences for the environment would be horrific, if we succeed in lifting the station of the Earth, a very doubtful presumption. 2. Outer-space construction the safest bet for the construction plan of the station was, until now, an extra planetary building area. After realizing the fact that it would be impossible for any human engine to lift the station from Earth, it became clearly that, in order to have a functional construction plan, the station must be built on an orbit of our planet. With the present development of orbiting satellite repairs, the building of such an immense project seems actually achievable. The problem regarding this solution is represented by the fact that, besides the great difficulty of building such a complex architectural creation in a harsh, unfriendly environment, the actual process of the construction would take a huge amount of time to be accomplished. Also, the weak point of outer-space construction is the fact that it depends on terrestrial resources and on shipments from Earth. Because of the fact that a normal shuttle can normally carry, besides the crew, a weight of a sat ellite, there would be required over 6000 flights in order to bring all the materials and tools in outer-space. A normal ship can be used for about 10 space missions, so it would also require over 600 space shuttles. By adding the whole process of building and shipping, including the price of the materials that are required to complete the station, which will substantially diminish the Earth resources and will become more expensive by every transport, it has been estimated that the total cost of the station would be of 6023 trillion dollars, a sum which does not exist in the whole modern day economic system. 3. Moon construction after identifying the problems that outer-space construction has, mostly the fact that it does not present reliability, the Carpathia team decided that the best answer for the construction problem would be a celestial entity that has solid ground, but does not have a gravitational pull as powerful as Earths, and is closer to the orbit in which the future station will be placed. In other words, escape velocity here is much lower than on Earth and, so, breaking free from the gravitational attraction of the moon requires less energy and a lower speed (due to the fact that the gravitational constant is lower). Also, the location should have materials that can be mined and used in the construction of the station. The most suitable place, which met all the requirements from above, is represented by Earths natural satellite, the Moon. This project requires two major steps, first one being the colonization of the Moon with mining bases, that can gather resources which will be equipped with huge 3D printers in order to create the ships components, and the second one being the construction of the ship and its positioning in L4 Lagrange Point. Even if it may seem a far-fetched idea, colonizing the Moon with the modern day technology like remote control robots and printers that are able to receive information through radio waves at the speed of light is a reachable goal. The process will start with sending huge two-part mining robots with 10 space missions that will be assembled by the crew, having 5 mining machines. Also, they can be programmed to process the materials on spot into liquid metal, which will be used by the printers in order to create the parts. The 3D printers, being enormous machines, will be also sent in two missions, being assembled on the spot. After having the raw materials, established on the Moon, there will also be sent 10 shuttles, each carrying 10 robot workers, very versatile machines that can wield, cut and grab any form, and can also receive complex commands, like group commands in order to build major components, other mining machines or 3D printers to supplement the output of materials. All of the 3 types of machines will be solar powered, and will be controlled from a command-center on Earth. While the 3D printers will receive models of components and the number of copies needed, the mining robots will be fully controlled by a human being to avoid the risk of mistake. Using programming style similar to the one of the nabobs, the robotic workers will be issued a command and will have autonomy in fulfilling it. After the process of building the station has already started, we would be sent 20 more missions with 20 workers each to start and build the final station, which will be colonized with 11500 residents when completed. The station is made from sections (major and minor components) that will be each explained in their own chapter. Carpathia is being made mainly from carbon nanotubes which will be shaped into the form of 8 cylinders, being: Central Area, Lower and Upper Industry, Agriculture Area, Habitable Area, Animal Area and final Maintenance Zone. The solar panels as well as the computers and refined cables will be brought from Earth with the Space Elevator, not having necessary materials on the Moon to build them. Also, the engines required to maintain the spinning of the ship will be assembled on Earth and sent on the Moon by a space mission.   The second step, after the construction of the ship, will be moving it towards its final position. For this task, we will be using the engines that assure the rotation of the ship, by shifting them downwards and achieving Moon liftoff. We will then orientate the engines in order to use them as thrusters and send the space colony into the L4 Lagrange point. In conclusion, it can be safely said that, even if it involves a huge deal of resources and time, the Moon constructing solution is the most feasible one from all the other solution presented above, being more realistic than the terrestrial construction, and less costly than the outer-space construction.

Religious and Architectural Sites of Florence Essay examples -- Archit

Religious and Architectural Sites of Florence According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Italy is home to some 60 percent of the world?s most famous works of art.? Of these, one-half are found in Florence (19).? Florence gained most of this collection during the fifteenth century, when the Florentines decided to move back from Gothic fashion to the more Romanesque style of art and architecture.? This return to the Classic style is known as the Renaissance, and Florence was its birthplace.? Renaissance artists prospered greatly on account of the financial support they received from wealthy citizens (such as the Medici family) and the church, which purchased numerous works of art (6).? Further, the Florentines were a people of great civic pride, and found a means of expressing that pride through awe-inspiring monuments and statues of their patron saints (13).? With the will and the means, Florence became the home of many impressive works that have lasted to-date.? In regards to its architecture, Florence was built over many years, being founded as a Roman colony in the first century BC (4).? It is therefore home to many buildings of Romanesque and Gothic style (6).? With the arrival of the Renaissance, buildings were made again in the classic style, which leads to the city?s diversity in architecture.? Similarly, ?many Florentine structures that outwardly exemplify architecture from earlier times also house interiors, typical of the renaissance? (6).? Illustrations of such changes can be seen among those buildings whose construction spanned the time when Florentines shifted from Gothic back to the Classical style. Santa Maria Del Fiore: One such example is Florenc... ...om/eb/article?eu=67262> 15.?The Baptistry?.? Vivifirenze.? 15 Nov. 2003 ? 16.?The Cathedral?.? Vivifirenze.? 15 Nov. 2003 17.?The Duomo and the Baptistry.? Vivifirenze.? 22 Nov. 2003 18.Weinberger, Martin.? Michelangelo the Sculptor.? New York: Columbia University Press, 1967. 19.Wright-Martin, Linda.? ?Florence ? Art Capital of Italy?.? Italy for Visitors.? 2 Nov. 2003 Sienna, original? Final Bell Tower.? Terrace by Francesco Talenti drawing of the Bell Tower. Source (8) Basilica di San Francesco, Assisi (http://www.bellaumbria.net/Assisi/san_francesco.htm) Giotto?s Tower at the Duomo (Furman, Spring 2000). Source:? (7)

Algebraic expressions.Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Essay

Algebraic expressions Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the introduction to Algebra, the first assignment for the first week will involve using real numbers in place of integers to simplify expressions. Everyone needs to take his/her time to grasp the rules and the steps which are followed in algebra as this will form a concrete base for the algebraic expression understanding. One needs to understand the mathematical fundamental elements so as not to incur problems in solving any algebraic problems. For instance, one needs to be clear with the properties of integers as these are the same properties which apply to the real numbers. The first step in dealing with equations is removing the parenthesis. If an equation requires you remove the parenthesis from the equation, distribution becomes a necessity. Like terms should be grouped together when multiplying the integers that are inside the parenthesis to perform any indicated operation (Dugopolski, M.(2012  ), 2, p.67).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following is how I attempted to handle the assigned equations in the simplest form. In the left side of the page, I have put the mathematic equation, and in the right side there is my explanation of the steps I followed. 2a(a-5)+4(a-5) Equation =2a ²-10a+4a-20 remove the distributive properties from the parenthesis = 2a ² -6a-20 then we get the coefficient. =a ²- 3a – 10 then we simplify the expression. In the next equation, 2.  2w-3+3(w-4)-5(w-6) the equation =2w-3+3w-12-5w+30   remove the distributive properties from the parenthesis =2w+3w-5w-3-12+30 then we get the coefficients and. =15 combine them In the third equation, 3. 0.05(0.3m+35n)-0.8(-0.09n-22m) the equation =0.015m+1.75n+0.072n+17.6m remove the distributive property from the parenthesis =0.015m+17.6m+1.75n+0.072n simplify by putting the like terms together and =17.615m+1.822n combine them References Dugopolski, M. (2012  ). Elementary and Intermediate Algebra. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Source document

Free Essays on The Concious Of A Man

The Conscious of a Man The cruelty of war, the power of an alliance and the honor of a man are vividly described in Hernado Tellez short essay â€Å"Just Lather, That All†. In This short fiction story/essay Tellez tells a story that seems to real. It is almost as if he was describing what is going on today in Central and Southern American countries, such as Colombia. His story/essay is about one man who is caught in a dilemma during an encounter with his enemy. The dilemma of this man is his own conscious. It is strange how one mans conscious can go trough so many things, such as contradicting and asserting itself. And in this story/essay this occurs a lot as most of the story/essay is told from the conscious of the character. The character/man is a local barber who has great pride on his work, which is captured in a quote from pg. 700: â€Å"I am a good barber, the best in town, if I may say so†. He is also part of an alliance of rebels The dilemma of the barber starts when a Military group enters his work. The group is a team of soldiers whom haunts and kills rebels; and at the top of this group is a Captain named Torrez. Captain Torrez is a men who has a really bad image, he is painted in such a way that he resembles Fidel Castro in a line from pg. 699: â€Å"†¦he took off the bullet-studded belt that his gun holster dangled from. He hung it up on a wall hook and placed his military cap over it†. The barber is not pleased at all with this man being at his work â€Å"Damn him for coming because I’m a revolutionary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg.701). The first thing that crosses the barber’s conscious is to kill the captain or to not kill the captain. This question in his mind is what begins the entire dilemma. He had never had the captain so close to him and it was not known that he was a revel. But the barber knew one thing from the beginning; Torrez was a customer in his shop and not an enemy. This is clear through the entire story... Free Essays on The Concious Of A Man Free Essays on The Concious Of A Man The Conscious of a Man The cruelty of war, the power of an alliance and the honor of a man are vividly described in Hernado Tellez short essay â€Å"Just Lather, That All†. In This short fiction story/essay Tellez tells a story that seems to real. It is almost as if he was describing what is going on today in Central and Southern American countries, such as Colombia. His story/essay is about one man who is caught in a dilemma during an encounter with his enemy. The dilemma of this man is his own conscious. It is strange how one mans conscious can go trough so many things, such as contradicting and asserting itself. And in this story/essay this occurs a lot as most of the story/essay is told from the conscious of the character. The character/man is a local barber who has great pride on his work, which is captured in a quote from pg. 700: â€Å"I am a good barber, the best in town, if I may say so†. He is also part of an alliance of rebels The dilemma of the barber starts when a Military group enters his work. The group is a team of soldiers whom haunts and kills rebels; and at the top of this group is a Captain named Torrez. Captain Torrez is a men who has a really bad image, he is painted in such a way that he resembles Fidel Castro in a line from pg. 699: â€Å"†¦he took off the bullet-studded belt that his gun holster dangled from. He hung it up on a wall hook and placed his military cap over it†. The barber is not pleased at all with this man being at his work â€Å"Damn him for coming because I’m a revolutionary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg.701). The first thing that crosses the barber’s conscious is to kill the captain or to not kill the captain. This question in his mind is what begins the entire dilemma. He had never had the captain so close to him and it was not known that he was a revel. But the barber knew one thing from the beginning; Torrez was a customer in his shop and not an enemy. This is clear through the entire story...

Critical Study of the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Glaucoma The WritePass Journal

Critical Study of the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Glaucoma Introduction Critical Study of the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Glaucoma IntroductionEpidemiology of Primary Infantile Glaucoma Signs, Symptoms and Consequences of Primary Infantile GlaucomaPathology, Pathogeneses and Causes of Primary Infantile GlaucomaOptic Cup Asymmetry in Primary Infantile Glaucoma Secondary infantile glaucomaReferencesRelated Introduction The incidence of glaucoma in the young population is incomparable to the incidence in the adult population, as it is very rare in infants, nevertheless it can significantly affect a child’s life, as vision is vital for a young child. Signs and symptoms of infantile glaucoma can commonly be overlooked and this can cause a delay to the treatment process. The underlying causes of infantile glaucoma have been agreed upon by most authors, however the exact mechanism by which the structures in the young eye are affected are debatable. As well as primary infantile glaucoma, young children can also be affected by secondary infantile glaucoma, which again can significantly impact a young child’s life. This paper looks at the classifications, epidemiology, signs, symptoms, aetiology and pathogenesis of primary infantile glaucoma, as well as touching upon the causes of secondary infantile glaucoma. ‘Glaucoma is an Optic neuropathy with characteristic appearances of the optic disc and specific pattern of visual field defects that is associated frequently but not variably with raised intra-ocular pressure (IOP)’ (Kanski, 2003). The ciliary processes of the eye produce aqueous humor; this is then drained by the trabecular meshwork; Figure 1. A balance of this production and drainage maintains a normal IOP. The aqueous humor produced flows into the posterior chamber, then through the pupil and into the anterior chamber. The trabecular meshwork drains the aqueous humor through Schlemm’s canal. Open angle glaucoma occurs when there is a decrease in the outflow of aqueous through the trabecular meshwork, and angle closure glaucoma occurs when the iris adheres to the lens leading to a build-up of aqueous humor in the posterior chamber   (Kanski, 2003). In addition to open and closed angle glaucoma there are other types of glaucoma which are classified in Figure 2. There are several classifications of congenital and infantile glaucomas, the most accepted and simplified version is presented in figure 3. Primary infantile glaucoma is defined as ‘the result of isolated abnormal development of the anterior chamber angle structures’ (Myron Yanoff, 2009) Secondary infantile glaucomas are ‘associated with a variety of ocular and systemic syndromes and with surgical aphakia’ (Myron Yanoff, 2009). Primary congenital glaucoma is present at birth however it is not always recognised at this stage and sometimes it is diagnosed later during infancy or in early childhood. To minimise problematic visual development, recognition of primary congenital glaucoma must be as early as possible followed by respective treatment or therapy, allowing the child to lead a ‘normal’ life (A.Armstrong, 2008). Glaucoma in infants and young children is relatively rare and in some cases asymptomatic (Kanski, 2003). And so, if an increase in IOP is not detected at an early stage then there is a greater risk of blindness (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Some cases of glaucoma in infants are only recognised and diagnosed after several months or years at which stage sometimes significant glaucomatous damage has already occurred (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Most cases will present bilaterally nevertheless this does not rule out the fact that it can sometimes present unilaterally   (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Epidemiology of Primary Infantile Glaucoma Primary infantile glaucoma is extremely rare and occurs in one out of 10,000 births (MillerSJ, 1966). It accounts for 0.01% to 0.04% of cases of total blindness (A.Armstrong, 2008) (Vincent P Deluise, 1983) In the Irish childhood population primary open angle glaucoma is the cause of blindness for 4% of the population. (Morin JD, 1974) The majority of cases in the US and Europe present with bilateral primary infantile glaucoma; 65%-80% (Moller, 1977). It is also well-known that it occurs greater in males compared to females with a ratio of 3:2 respectively (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). This is proven by a study with 125 infants from Westerlund, 76 of whom were male i.e. nearly 61% were males (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). On the other hand in Japan, this is no longer true and the ratio is actually reversed (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). In another study based in Japan out of 46 children with primary infantile glaucoma 63% were actually female (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). In the majority of cases the development of primary infantile glaucoma is found to sporadic, and so it is non-familial and nonhereditary, but approximately 10% of cases are familial, transmitted to the child via autosomal recessive inheritance (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Signs, Symptoms and Consequences of Primary Infantile Glaucoma Children are commonly referred to the Ophthalmologist due to clinical evidence of corneal oedema. Primary infantile glaucoma is commonly misdiagnosed, hence causing a delay in the correct diagnosis, as it may initially show symptoms similar to conjunctivitis such as a ‘red eye’ (Becker B, 1965). There will also be evidence of the classic triage; epiphora, blepharospasm and photophobia. (Becker B, 1965). Further examination will reveal megalocornea (enlarged corneal diameter), buphthalmos (enlarged globe), Haab’s striae (breaks in Descemet’s membrane) and optic nerve head changes (Becker B, 1965). Buphthalmos; figure 4, or ocular enlargement, occurs in primary infantile glaucoma because the globe of neonates is still distensible (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Collagen of the cornea and scleral have not hardened enough, so expansion of the fibrils occurs due to an increase in IOP (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). This therefore causes stretching to occur in several structures of the infant eye; such as the cornea, the anterior chamber angle, the sclera, the optic nerve, scleral canal and the lamina cribrosa (Becker B, 1965). This explains why ocular enlargement due to glaucoma does not occur in adults, as the globe is no longer distensible and collagen fibres of the cornea are sclera are hardened hence expansion doesn’t occur in adults. It is agreed that delayed therapy of infants with glaucoma, will result in a poor visual outcome for the infant, which could have been prevented or at least minimised. To understand why some infants had more advanced glaucoma than others; a study with 24 infants and children was conducted (David J. Seidman MD1, 3 March 1986). Their signs and symptoms were noted. The parents of the infant were asked to indicate whether they had noticed either epiphora or photophobia and only 32% said their infant had these symptoms. A small 21% of infants presented with only signs of glaucoma, noticed by the parents but no symptoms. And finally the majority of infants, 90%, actually did have signs when presenting to the physician. It has been noted that signs of infantile glaucoma are more difficult to notice when it is bilateral, as in all 3 cases where the physicians failed several times to refer the infant to an ophthalmologist the glaucoma was in fact bilateral   (David J. Seidman MD1, 3 March 1 986). A normal value for the corneal diameter of a neonate is approximately 10mm, an increase to 12mm or greater, along with expansion of the corneal-scleral junction, is usually due to increased IOP (Kwitko, 1973). Enlargement of the cornea due to an increase in IOP is most likely to occur up to the age of three (Scheie, 1955) after which the sclera may become deformed up to age ten (Mann, 1957). Breaks occur in the endothelium and Descemet’s membrane due to the increase in IOP which also causes stretching in these layers (Vincent P Deluise, 1983).   ‘Haab’s striae form as endothelial cells lay down new basements membrane (Descemet’s membrane) and hyaline ridges develop. Breaks in Descemet’s membrane from increased IOP rarely occur after age three’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983).   Increased IOP also causes slow expansion of the sclera of the neonate. A ‘bluish’ scleral appearance is seen due to thinning of the sclera, causing the choro id to be more apparent (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). As the neonate becomes older and growth occurs the expansion of the sclera no longer occurs due to a build-up of extracellular connective tissue (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Even if the IOP decreases back to a value within normal the globe does not usually return to normal size (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Studies have shown that myopia and astigmatism are the consequence of an increase in the axial length of the globe, figure 5 (Robin AL, 1979). Robin et al also found that ‘In contrast to adult eyes, the scleral canal in children apparently enlarges with high IOP. Thus, disk cup size increase in children could occur from neural tissue loss, from scleral canal enlargement, or from a combination of the two processes’ (Robin AL, 1979). ‘Myopic astigmatism and anisometropia are particularly common in cases of unilateral or asymmetric primary infantile glaucoma’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983).   A study carried out by Broughton and Parks found that all of their patients with unilateral primary infantile glaucoma had anisometropia; on the affected side an average difference of 4.93D of myopia was found (Broughton WL, 1981 May). Optic nerve changes which occur in adults with glaucoma are very different to the optic nerve changes which occur in children with glaucoma. At first Becker Shaffer initially thought that cupping in primary infantile glaucoma was a process which was gradual however it was soon discovered that optic nerve changes in primary infantile glaucoma could also occur early and rapidly (Becker B, 1965). In adults with optic nerve changes which occur due to an increase in IOP the change is very unlikely to be reversible, however in infants optic nerve cupping which occurs due to an increase in IOP can be reversed once the IOP is returned back to normal (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). The most accepted and most reasonable hypothesis which aims to explain why cupping is reversible in neonates is based on the fact that the connective tissue of the lamina cribrosa is not matured (Quigley, 1977 Sep). However there are cases when even though the pressure has decreased back to normal the Optic nerve head damage does not reverse, this is due to one of two reasons. Firstly it is possible that some of the stretching is permanent ‘with remoulding of the connective tissue’   (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Secondly it could be due to ‘a loss of glial and axons’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983).   ‘Adult optic nerve heads with their dense connective tissue investments are more resistant to remoulding, indicating that cupping is caused by permanent loss of glia and axons’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Pathology, Pathogeneses and Causes of Primary Infantile Glaucoma The explanation for the increase in IOP in primary infantile glaucoma has been described using Barkan’s membrane theory. This theory is based on the fact that the anterior chamber angle is covered by a thin and imperforate membrane, which inhibits aqueous outflow, which in turn leads to raised IOP (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). According to the theory, this raised IOP is treated by goniotomy when the surface tissue of this membrane is detached, and so â€Å"the peripheral iris falls posteriorly,† subsequently there is aqueous outflow and a decrease in IOP (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Worst also agreed with the Barkan membrane theory, â€Å"†¦in congenital glaucoma the chamber angle is filled with a band of persistent mesodermal tissue (persistent uveal meshwork or persistent pectinate ligament). This tissue completely covers the fetal corneoscleral system, but is not the cause of the obstruction to aqueous outflow in its own right. It is the presence of an imperforate surface layer on this persistent mesodermal tissue, which is the only cause of obstructed outflow. This surface membrane, Barkans membrane, is probably an endothelial surface, which normally breaks apart, but which persists in congenital glaucoma† (Worst, April 1968). There is no well supported histopathologic evidence to support Barkan’s membrane theory, despite this Worst still believes that the theory along with its concepts are valid, he says â€Å"though histopathologic proof of this structure is almost completely lacking†¦this has little influence on the probability th at this concept is valid† (Worst, April 1968). So if Barkan’s membrane theory has insufficient evidence to explain the cause of an increase in IOP in congenital glaucoma, then what is the alternative? There is some histopathologic evidence which aims to explain in detail the anterior chamber angle and its histopathology in infants with primary infantile glaucoma see Figure 6 (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Anderson thoroughly researched the development of the trabecular meshwork in infantile glaucoma. He said that earlier thoughts were that â€Å"the anterior chamber recess deepens by atrophy of the rarified tissue that in the earlier stage separated the trabecular meshwork and ciliary body.† He then confirmed that later thoughts highlighted the function of cleavage into the loose tissue, as there was no proof of atrophy (D.R.Anderson, 1981). These views may have seemed correct at the time however, evidence has proven that cleavage or atrophy are not the only explanations of the process of development. Both cleavage and atrophy would cause the uveal tract to become fragmented from the shell of the cornea and sclera as well as the tissue of the trabeculae (Fig 7A) (D.R.Anderson, 1981). This would result in extension of the ciliary muscle to the peripheral iris and on the posterior surface of the peripheral iris would be the ciliary processes (D.R.Anderson, 1981). However this does not actually occur, in fact the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes continue to adhere to the envelope of the cornea and sclera although compared to their earlier position they do become depressed (Fig 7B) (D.R.Anderson, 1981). Anderson found that there is an overlay of the ciliary muscle in particular the ciliary processes over the trabecular meshwork; however they are subsequently depressed behind the scleral spur (D.R.Anderson, 1981). He found that â€Å"This repositioning can be explained only by a posterior sliding of the uveal tissues in relation to the cornea and sclera, presumably due to a differential growth rate of the various tissue elements† (D.R.Anderson, 1981). He concluded that this course of repositioning was not simply due to the â€Å"sliding of the uveal tract along the inner side of the sclera. There is also a repositioning of the various layers within the uveal tract in relation to one another: initially the innermost muscle fibers have a position relatively more anterior than the outermost fibers† (D.R.Anderson, 1981) Anderson also found that compared to the ciliary muscle the ciliary processes are at first a lot more frontward, as time passes both become level behind the scleral spur and meshwork (D.R.Anderson, 1981). So, far it has been established that primary infantile glaucoma occurs because the anterior chamber does not develop normally. At what stage of development do these changes or lack of changes occur? It has been noted that at week twelve of development â€Å"a wedge shaped mass of mesenchyme can be identified at the anterior chamber angle i.e. at the junction of the papillary membrane and the lateral margins of the cornea. Within this wedge shaped portion of the tissue there is a row of small capillaries, which are lined with mesoderm-derived vascular endothelial cells† (A.Armstrong, 2008). At the beginning of the fifth month â€Å"early trabeculae are apparent separated by intervening spaces† (A.Armstrong, 2008) subsequently the capillaries fuse to form the canal of Schlemm, this is continuous with the collector channels as well as the scleral vessels (A.Armstrong, 2008). â€Å"The meshwork becomes specialised into inner uveal trabeculae, numerous intermediate layers of lamellar corneoscleral trabeculae, and a more loosely organised cribriform meshwork† (A.Armstrong, 2008). The inner surface of the meshwork is lined with cuboidal cells, perforations of these cells occur onwards from 15 weeks (A.Armstrong, 2008). Communication between the meshwork and the anterior chamber occur via these cuboidal cells (A.Armstrong, 2008). Between the sixth and ninth month development of the anterior chamber occurs (A.Armstrong, 2008). It presents â€Å"as a chink in the mesoderm between the iris root and the developing trabeculum. If the mesoderm does not entirely regres s in this region, an impervious layer may remain bridging the angle between the iris and the cornea and which impedes access of aqueous to the trabecular meshwork† (A.Armstrong, 2008). Figure 8: Comparision of optic cup asymmetry in normal infants with unilateral glaucoma infants. Taken from (Richardson, April 1968) Optic Cup Asymmetry in Primary Infantile Glaucoma It has been established that chronic open angle glaucoma is found to be bilateral and symmetrical to a certain extent, however some meticulous studies may find that there is somewhat of asymmetry in the cupping of the optic discs (Richardson, April 1968). Nevertheless the asymmetry of the discs can be used to diagnose early signs of glaucoma (Richardson, April 1968). Although optic disc cupping is assessed in infantile glaucoma it is not used as prominently compared to chronic open angle glaucoma (Richardson, April 1968). One of the reasons for this is due to the obvious fact that it is not as easy to conduct ophthalmoscopy in infants especially with added factors such as hazy corneas, miotic pupils (Richardson KT, 1966). It is also a common misconception that cupping in the optic nerve occurs at a very late stage and so it is no longer relevant to aid diagnosis (Richardson, April 1968). The opposite is actually true, as changes to the optic disc in infantile glaucoma occur relatively early on, hence valuable factor to aid prognosis (Shaffer.RN, 1967). To emphasise the importance of asymmetry of optic discs in infantile glaucoma compared to chronic glaucoma, the following study was conducted by Kenneth Richardson. Normal newborn infants, 96 hours old or less, were randomly chosen and their optic discs were assessed. Out of 468 it was found that only 11 infants had optic cup asymmetry, 2.3%; figure 8 (Richardson, April 1968). Similarly Snydacker found that out a random 500 adults only 15 had any sign of asymmetry, 3% (SyndackerD, 1964). Going back to the infants it was found that only 3 out of the 11 actually had marked asymmetry between their optic cups i.e. only 0.6%; figure 8 (Richardson, April 1968). A very different but much predicted result was found when Shaffer conducted a slightly different study (Shaffer.RN, 1967). 27 infants with unilateral glaucoma were assessed and it was found that 89% or 24 out of 27 had marked asymmetry; figure 8 (Shaffer.RN, 1967). In other infantile glaucoma studies Schaffer also found that 61% (52/85) patients had optic cups with a disc diameter greater than 1/3 in comparison to 2.6%(26/936) normal newborns who had optic cups with a disc diameter greater than 1/3 (Shaffer.RN, 1967). The above data provides vital evidence supporting the views that optic disc assessment in newborn infants is extremely important and any asymmetry in optic cupping is very significant as ‘normal’ infants are expected and likely to have symmetrical optic cups. Hence any asymmetry of cupping could be indicative of congenital glaucoma. Also it can be said that optic cupping assessment is of more importance in congenital glaucomas â€Å"since these cases are prone to follow a more asymmetrical course than adult glaucomas† (Richardson, April 1968). In order chronic glaucoma in order to be able to determine whether cupping is physiological or pathological the disc appearance must be tracked over many years. Whereas in newborns the cupping is expected to be symmetrical at birth therefore any asymmetry should be and can be picked up at birth (Richardson, April 1968). Secondary infantile glaucoma There are several causes of secondary infantile glaucoma, the most important is ocular trauma and this is due to the fact that ocular trauma is common in young infants. Blunt trauma to the eye causes compression of the globe which in turn leads to a temporary increase in IOP. When a blunt object hits the eye its cause indentation of the cornea, this then forces the aqueous humor â€Å"laterally against the anterior chambers angle structures and backwards against the iris and lens† (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Thereafter â€Å"in the anterior segment the iris sphincter ruptures† (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) the ciliary body could become separated from the scleral spur or it may just be split or torn (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Likewise the trabecular meshwork may become ruptured, consequently leading to glaucoma (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Traumatic iritis is another cause of secondary glaucoma. Blunt ocular trauma can cause inflammatory cells and increase in proteins in the aqueous humor, in the early stages. These cells along with the protein molecules then cause obstruction of the trabecular meshwork. (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) Oedema of the trabecular meshwork will also lead to resistance in the outflow of the aqueous. Even though there is an increase in the resistance of outflow, the IOP will remain within a normal range and in some cases it may actually be lower than normal because the blow will have caused depression of the ciliary body along with hyposecretion (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Anterior chamber haemorrhage (hyphema) occurs due to trauma or injury to the eye. Small haemorrhages are unlikely to clot, however large haemorrhages may fill the anterior chamber and cause compression of the meshwork which in turn leads to an acute increase in IOP (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Another cause of secondary glaucoma is recession of the anterior chamber angle. â€Å"A significant percentage of traumatic hyphemas results from a longitudinal cleavage of the ciliary body† (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). A chain of damage reactions which occur to the trabecular meshwork following this will decrease the outflow and lead to glaucoma. Contusion cataract can be caused by blunt trauma. â€Å"If the cataract intumesces, a phacogenic pupillary block glaucoma may result. If the cataract becomes hypermature the lens cortex which is liquefied may leak into the anterior chamber†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) a macrophage response occurs and these cells then cause an increase in IOP as they block access of the aqueous to the trabecular meshwork. (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) This is known as phacolytic glaucoma. Dislocation of the lens most likely occurs due to trauma, and if the lens after dislocation ends up in the anterior chamber then pupillary block glaucoma is l ikely (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Secondary glaucoma is usually the result of a laceration to the globe. A blunt blow, by a child’s fist, is often very serious as the smaller size of the fist does not allow the orbit to provide protection and the blow lands straight on the eye (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Intra-ocular foreign bodies can also cause glaucoma; particles which contain iron will oxidise and can be toxic to structures within the eye such as the trabecular meshwork (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Severe iritis can lead to glaucoma, and transient or chronic glaucoma can result from inflammation of the trabecular meshwork with increased resistance to outflow (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970).   Inflammation of the cornea can also cause secondary glaucoma, due to further inflammation of the meshwork leading to obstruction of the aqueous outflow (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). It is well-known that glaucoma can be induced by steroids. An increase in IOP can be induced by prolonged use of topical steroids, in susceptible individuals. Ocular tumours uncommon in children, however if one is present it can sometimes lead to secondary glaucoma (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Retinoblastoma, a well-known and common tumour found in the young can also cause glaucoma. The tumour will invade the anterior chamber angle structures; iris and trabecular meshwork. There is a very strong link between prenatal rubella infection and glaucoma and it is now well agreed upon that prenatal rubella can in fact cause glaucoma. It is estimated that rubella infantile glaucoma occurs in 2-4% of children with congenital rubella syndrome (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). It usually presents in the first six months of life and the symptoms are identical to those of primary congenital glaucoma; an enlarged oedematous cornea which is cloudy, a deep anterior chamber and the classic high IOP (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Clinically it is found to be almost impossible to distinguish rubella infantile glaucoma from primary congenital glaucoma (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). In conclusion, it has been determined that although rare conditions both primary and secondary infantile glaucoma can significantly affect the life of a child. Hence examination of the optic discs at birth is vital to ensure that any asymmetry of optic cups is detected and the possibility of the newborn developing glaucoma is known immediately, as it has been proven that infants with glaucoma are significantly more likely to show asymmetry of optic cupping compared to ‘normal’ infants. If the glaucoma is not detected at birth it is vital that healthcare professionals are able to recognise the signs and symptoms of infantile glaucoma so it can be treated before any significant damage has occurred, as it has been proven that the majority of children present with all or some of the signs and symptoms of glaucoma yet they are either overlooked by the parents or misdiagnosed by clinicians. In relation to the pathogenesis of infantile glaucoma significant evidence or lack of has proven that Worst along with Barkan’s Membrane theory are no longer valid. Vital histopathologic evidence undermines the theory; in fact Anderson has provided substantial evidence to prove that repositioning, sliding, cleavage and atrophy play a significant role in the development of primary infantile glaucoma. Along with the histopathologic evidence it can be concluded that Anderson’s findings can be accepted. References A. Edward Maumenee, M. (1962). 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